Enterococcus faecalis
(
E. faecalis
) biofilms are implicated in endocarditis, urinary tract infections,
and biliary tract infections. Coupled with
E. faecalis
internalization into host cells, this opportunistic pathogen poses
great challenges to conventional antibiotic therapy. The inability
of ampicillin (Amp) to eradicate bacteria hidden in biofilms and intracellular
niches greatly reduces its efficacy against complicated
E. faecalis
infections. To enhance the potency of
Amp against different forms of
E. faecalis
infections, Amp was loaded into Lipid-Polymer hybrid Nanoparticles
(LPNs), a highly efficient nano delivery platform consisting of a
unique combination of DOTAP lipid shell and PLGA polymeric core. The
antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles (Amp-LPNs) was investigated
in a protozoa infection model, achieving a much higher multiplicity
of infection (MOI) compared with studies using animal phagocytes.
A significant reduction of total
E. faecalis
was observed in all groups receiving 250 μg/mL Amp-LPNs compared
with groups receiving the same concentration of free Amp during three
different interventions, simulating acute and chronic infections and
prophylaxis. In early intervention, no viable
E. faecalis
was observed after 3 h LPNs treatment whereas free Amp did not clear
E. faecalis
after 24 h treatment. Amp-LPNs also greatly
enhanced the antibacterial activity of Amp at late intervention and
boosted the survival rate of protozoa approaching 400%, where no viable
protozoa were identified in the free Amp groups at the 40 h postinfection
treatment time point. Prophylactic effectiveness with Amp-LPNs at
a concentration of 250 μg/mL was exhibited in both bacteria
elimination and protozoa survival toward subsequent infections. Using
protozoa as a surrogate model for animal phagocytes to study high
MOI infections, this study suggests that LPN-formulated antibiotics
hold the potential to significantly improve the therapeutic outcome
in highly complicated bacterial infections.