“…Since the biological response to biomaterials and devices is mostly controlled by the surface chemical arrangement, modifications can be made to improve the biointeraction of the implant without affecting the mechanical properties of the material and to increase bioresponse on the tissue−implant interface. 20,24,58 A surface can be functionalized to improve its physicochemical properties using the following approaches: 20,24,58,59 • Physical: increasing the roughness that induces the physisorption of biomolecules. • Chemical: through the immobilization of proteins, peptides, calcium phosphates, drugs, etc., generating chemical bonds between the inorganic material and the biomolecule.…”