A proposed Australian transition to an anhydrous ammonia fuel transport economy to replace liquid petroleum fuels

Boothroyd, R. G.

doi:10.2495/esus140381

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…After World War II, the oil supply was restored, and therefore the researches on ammonia-fueled engines were greatly reduced. In recent years, in order to moderate the global warming, ammonia-fueled engines have attracted more and more attention around the world as a promising technology [4,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection characteristics and fuel-air mixing process of ammonia jets in a constant volume vessel

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

Fuel

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injection characteristics and fuel-air mixing process of ammonia jets in a constant volume vessel

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

Fuel

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“…Ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrate are widely used for agricultural and chemical synthesis purposes [1][2][3][4]. Due to the environmental issues and energy crisis in recent years, NH 3 has also gained growing interest as a liquid fuel for fuel cells due to its high energy density and easy storage [5]. However, the industrial production of NH 3 is mainly based on the traditional Haber-Bosch process, which consumes nearly 2% of global energy and emits about 1% of greenhouse gases [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wavelength-Dependent Solar N ₂ Fixation into Ammonia and Nitrate in Pure Water

et al. 2020

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Solar-driven N2 fixation using a photocatalyst in water presents a promising alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process in terms of both energy efficiency and environmental concern. At present, the product of solar N2 fixation is either NH4+ or NO3-. Few reports described the simultaneous formation of ammonia (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) by a photocatalytic reaction and the related mechanism. In this work, we report a strategy to photocatalytically fix nitrogen through simultaneous reduction and oxidation to produce NH4+ and NO3- by W18O49 nanowires in pure water. The underlying mechanism of wavelength-dependent N2 fixation in the presence of surface defects is proposed, with an emphasis on oxygen vacancies that not only facilitate the activation and dissociation of N2 but also improve light absorption and the separation of the photoexcited carriers. Both NH4+ and NO3- can be produced in pure water under a simulated solar light and even till the wavelength reaching 730 nm. The maximum quantum efficiency reaches 9% at 365 nm. Theoretical calculation reveals that disproportionation reaction of the N2 molecule is more energetically favorable than either reduction or oxidation alone. It is worth noting that the molar fraction of NH4+ in the total product (NH4+ plus NO3-) shows an inverted volcano shape from 365 nm to 730 nm. The increased fraction of NO3- from 365 nm to around 427 nm results from the competition between the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at W sites without oxygen vacancies and the N2 oxidation reaction (NOR) at oxygen vacancy sites, which is driven by the intrinsically delocalized photoexcited holes. From 427 nm to 730 nm, NOR is energetically restricted due to its higher equilibrium potential than that of OER, accompanied by the localized photoexcited holes on oxygen vacancies. Full disproportionation of N2 is achieved within a range of wavelength from ~427 nm to ~515 nm. This work presents a rational strategy to efficiently utilize the photoexcited carriers and optimize the photocatalyst for practical nitrogen fixation.

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“…Australia and the USA, for example, have long-distance travel needs and this is a large consumer of energy. The use of long-distance present-day diesel-powered trucking is very unsustainable [40]. Electrification of railways is only part of the answer because it cannot supply a comprehensive transport network to remote populations.…”

Section: The Msr Familymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ideally, aviation transport should not emit CO 2 at high altitudes and hydrogen propulsion is better [45]. At present, liquid fossil fuels are considered essential for the transport industries but there are possible solutions to replacing liquid fuel energy with electrical energy [40][41][42]. This is considered the justification of the above-suggested policy of replacing the generation of electricity by fossil fuels with a massive expansion of nuclear-fission generated electricity.…”

Section: Illustrative Example Of Un Participation In Managingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A suggested roadmap for world-wide energy resource planning and management

Boothroyd¹

2015

Int. J. EQ

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In the near future, we will need an internationally based system for worldwide planning of future energy resources and their effect on the world environment. Logically, this should be a responsibility of the United Nations, which already possesses much of the infrastructure needed and is already active in this area. Because different nations have different resources, different problems and different needs, it is reasoned that a flexible and diplomatic approach is also called for. We will need to try to secure support from all nations, and the economies and cultures of many nations differ considerably. This calls for special skills in negotiation. This is complicated by the varied, uncertain and changing technological facilities, which we have at our disposal. After a brief and comparative review of these facilities, an outline of the structure of the internationally coordinating organisation is suggested, followed by examples of the different types of issues which are likely to be encountered. These are: reintroducing improved technology to a nation, which has suffered grievous environmental harm from inadequate similar technology such as the Fukushima incident; nations with especially difficult transport problems; nations with perceived overpopulation problems; using UN and other expertise for nations still undergoing development; applying persuasive pressure by peaceful means. Finally, by outlining a large-scale cooperative venture by several nations, the mode of operation of the suggested U.N coordinating body is outlined. The example used is the choice of thorium-based molten-salt reactor technology using both fast and thermal neutron spectra. This appears to be the only choice we have, as other sustainable systems cannot accommodate the size of our problems. The only exception is using the Desertec solar project, which appears to be disadvantaged by being significantly more expensive. Molten-salt reactors would give a 1000-year energy security for industrialised energy-hungry nations on the Far East/Pacific Rim, which is the example considered. This system would use modern actinide burn-up technology to make nuclear-waste disposal a more acceptable proposition. Thus, nuclear waste can become a lowlevel and disposable hazard after only about 300 years of storage. After this storage, the waste becomes a valuable resource due to production of rare transmuted elements.

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A proposed Australian transition to an anhydrous ammonia fuel transport economy to replace liquid petroleum fuels

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Injection characteristics and fuel-air mixing process of ammonia jets in a constant volume vessel

Injection characteristics and fuel-air mixing process of ammonia jets in a constant volume vessel

Wavelength-Dependent Solar N ₂ Fixation into Ammonia and Nitrate in Pure Water

A suggested roadmap for world-wide energy resource planning and management

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A proposed Australian transition to an anhydrous ammonia fuel transport economy to replace liquid petroleum fuels

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Injection characteristics and fuel-air mixing process of ammonia jets in a constant volume vessel

Injection characteristics and fuel-air mixing process of ammonia jets in a constant volume vessel

Wavelength-Dependent Solar N 2 Fixation into Ammonia and Nitrate in Pure Water

A suggested roadmap for world-wide energy resource planning and management

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Wavelength-Dependent Solar N ₂ Fixation into Ammonia and Nitrate in Pure Water