“…Each bird in the flock updates its position, i.e., solution, based on its own experience and that of other birds. This updating consists of two ways, one is to find a better solution based on its own experience and the other is to improve its own solution by learning from the experience of other birds [6]. However, the COOT algorithm has a significant limitation in that it is highly susceptible to falling into a local optimum, which limits its global search capability [7].…”