A proposed standardized bioassay for formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis based on the international unit

Dulmage, Howard T.; Boening, O. P.; Rehnborg, Carl S.; Hansen, Gary D.

doi:10.1016/0022-2011(71)90151-0

Cited by 146 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Also IGRs may act as growth distruptor, it interferes with moulting by softening the larval endocuticle through reduction in its chitin content and by hardening of the exocuticle as result of enhanced phenoloxidase activity. These results are in agreement with many investigators, Dulmage, 1971;Ibrahim, 1974;Ascher and Nemny, 1979;Dimetry, et al, 1979;Grosscurt and Anderson, 1980;Radwan, et al, 1980;El-Sayed, 1981;El-Nockrashy, et al, 1986;Lecadet and Martouret, 1987;Marguerre-M and Daniel, 1987;Chilcott and Ellar, 1988;Chung and Cote, 1992;Fisk and Wright, 1992;Tabashnik, 1992;Chandler, 1993;Palma and Meola, 1993;Forrester, 1994;El-Kordy, et al, 1995;Pawar, et al, 1995;Smagghe, et al, 1997;Barker, 1998;Said, 1998 In general, the susceptibility of Spodoptera larvae to Dipel-2X increases when treatment after IGRs. The IGRs+Dipel-2X caused more toxic effect than single treatment with Dipel-2X, it could be concluded that IGRs enhanced the toxicity effect of Dipel-2X.…”

Section: Results and Discussion Toxicity Of Dipel-2x And Three Igrssupporting

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of Some Environmentally Safe Cemicals Against Spodoptera littoralis

2009

Alexandria Science Exchange Journal: An International Quarterly

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Section: Results and Discussion Toxicity Of Dipel-2x And Three Igrssupporting

confidence: 94%

Evaluation of Some Environmentally Safe Cemicals Against Spodoptera littoralis

2009

Alexandria Science Exchange Journal: An International Quarterly

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“…The assay protocol and insect propagation methods were adapted from Dulmadge et al (7). Generally we used about 10 larvae in a covered cup containing about 20 ml of the diet, and the assays were scored after 4 days for killing and weight gain (or loss) as a function of dose.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural similarity between the lepidoptera- and diptera-specific insecticidal endotoxin genes of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. "kurstaki" and "israelensis"

Thorne¹,

Garduno²,

Thompson³

et al. 1986

J Bacteriol

130

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A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. "israelensis" was cloned from the large plasmids of this subspecies and was shown to code for a mosquitocidal polypeptide. The gene could be expressed in either Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, or B. thuringiensis subsp. "israelensis" to produce the larvicidal activity. Similarly, a Lepidoptera-specific toxin gene from B. thuringiensis subsp. "kurstaki" was also cloned and expressed in E. coli and B. subtilis. Both cloned genes were sequenced and subjected to computer analysis. A long open translational reading frame coded for the B. thuringiensis subsp. "kurstaki" gene product. However, the B. thuringiensis subsp. "israelensis" clone was composed of two adjacent open reading frames oriented as if they were in a transcriptional operon. The products of the cloned genes retained their specificity for either Lepidoptera or Diptera. The control regions immediately preceding the toxin genes of both B. thuringiensis subspecies showed considerable DNA homology, most likely because both toxins are expressed only during sporulation. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequences from the two contiguous B. thuringiensis subsp. "israelensis" genes bore a striking resemblance to the deduced amino acid sequence from the single larger B. thuringiensis subsp. "kurstaki" gene, as if these two arrangements were evolutionarily related.

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“…Different concentrations were prepared to determine the LC 50 according to Dulmage et al (1971), Dulmage (1973), Navon et al (1990), and Asan et al (1993) in Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.…”

Section: Preparation Of Samples For Analyses Strain Standard Preparatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bioassay method described by Dulmage et al (1971) was conducted by preparing artificial diet composed of dry kidney beans, dry yeast, dry agar, ascorbic acid, Nipagin, formalin, and water. After preparing the different concentrations of samples as mentioned above, they decanted in cups and kept at room temperature in a cap for 1 h to allow water to evaporate and condense.…”

Section: Determination the Active Ingredient Of Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of some environmental conditions on stability and activity of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations against the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Moustafa

Saleh

Ateya

et al. 2018

Egypt J Biol Pest Control

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The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used in crop protection for the last 70 years; however, many environmental conditions affect its activity. The present study was directed to evaluate the influence of certain environmental conditions on stability and activity of Bt samples of the two commercial formulations (Dipel 2 × 6. 4% WP and Protecto 9.4% WP), when stored under accelerated hot storage, shelf, and outdoor storage. Photo degradation of the two formulations was studied in aqueous solution. The results revealed that the loss percentage of Protecto formulation was above the permissible limits of WHO specifications after 2 years of storage at ambient conditions and the thermal stability of the Bt was affected negatively depending on the storage periods. In accordance with this trend, the bioassay tests versus neonate and second instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), showed a decrease in toxicity of the formulations to (60%) after storage at 35 ± 2°C for 12 weeks and about (70%) after storage under sunlight for 2 days. Photolysis of aqueous solutions reduced the half-life of formulations by about 1-2 days. The stability of Bt should be evaluated prior to submission for registration as these products have showed less stability under storage at ambient conditions. The stakeholders and decision-makers can utilize these results and examine such products case by case.

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A proposed standardized bioassay for formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis based on the international unit

Cited by 146 publications

References 8 publications

Evaluation of Some Environmentally Safe Cemicals Against Spodoptera littoralis

Evaluation of Some Environmentally Safe Cemicals Against Spodoptera littoralis

Structural similarity between the lepidoptera- and diptera-specific insecticidal endotoxin genes of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. "kurstaki" and "israelensis"

Influence of some environmental conditions on stability and activity of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations against the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

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