A proposed volcanic sulfur dioxide index (VSI)

Schnetzler, C. C.; Bluth, G. J.; Krueger, Arlin J.; Walter, L. S.

doi:10.1029/97jb01142

Cited by 44 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Several explanations can be put forward to account for this discrepancy. One is that the high latitude of this volcanic event artificially increased its acid signal in the Greenland ice core, relative to low-latitude eruptions of comparable explosivity, which leads to an overestimate of the aerosol loading associated to this eruption [e.g., Schnetzler et al, 1997]. In addition, this event has not been identified in Antarctic ice cores, which hampers a correct evaluation of the global stratospheric aerosol loading [Legrand and Delmas, 1987].…”

Section: Krakatau 1883mentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas

Scaillet¹,

Clemente²,

Evans³

et al. 1998

J. Geophys. Res.

196

139

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Abstract. Explosive eruptions involve mainly silicic magmas in which sulfur solubility and diffusivity are low. This inhibits sulfur exsolution during magma uprise as compared to more mafic magmas such as basalts. Silicic magmas can nevertheless liberate large quantities of sulfur as shown by the monitoring of SO2 in recent explosive silicic eruptions in arc settings, which invariably have displayed an excess of sulfur relative to that calculated from melt degassing. If this excess sulfur is stored in a fluid phase, it implies a strong preference of sulfur for the fluid over the melt under oxidized conditions, with fluid/melt partition coefficients varying between 50 and 2612, depending on melt composition. Experimentally determined sulfur partition coefficients for a dacite bulk composition confirm this trend and show that in volcanic eruptions displaying excess gaseous sulfur, the magmas were probably fluid-saturated at depth. The experiments show that in more reduced silicic magmas, those coexisting only with pyrrhotite, the partition coefficient decreases dramatically to values around 1, because pyrrhotite locks up nearly all the sulfur of the magma. Reevaluation of the sulfur yields of some major historical eruptions in the light of these results shows that for oxidized magmas, the presence of 1-5 wt % fluid may indeed account for the differences observed between the petrologic estimate of the sulfur yield and that constrained from ice core data. Explosive eruptions of very large magnitude but involving reduced and cool silicic magmas, such as the Toba or the Bishop events, release only minor amounts of sulfur and could have consequently negligible long-term (years to centuries) atmospherical effects. This redox control on sulfur release diminishes as the melt composition becomes less silicic and as temperature increases, because both factors favor more efficient melt sulfur degassing owing to the increased diffusivity of sulfur in silicate melts under such conditions.

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Section: Krakatau 1883mentioning

confidence: 99%

Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas

Scaillet¹,

Clemente²,

Evans³

et al. 1998

J. Geophys. Res.

196

139

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“…For SO 2 emission from continuously degassing volcanoes, a constant global emission rate of 9.6 Tg SO 2 /year is assumed (Andres and Kasgnoc, 1998). SO 2 emissions of sporadically erupting volcanoes are mainly estimated from Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) data (Newhall and Self, 1982;Schnetzler et al, 1997) provided by the Global Volcanism Program (GVP) of the Smithsonian Institution (Siebert and Simkin, 2002). In addition, other data sources for some volcanoes are incorporated, such as satellite observations from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the OMI Krotkov et al, 2006) and measurements from the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) near the volcano (e.g., for Miyakejima, Kazahaya et al, 2004).…”

Section: So 2 Emission In Japan and South Korea After 2000mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000

et al. 2010

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Abstract.With the rapid development of the economy, the sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emission from China since 2000 is of increasing concern. In this study, we estimate the annual SO 2 emission in China after 2000 using a technology-based methodology specifically for China. From 2000 to 2006, total SO 2 emission in China increased by 53%, from 21.7 Tg to 33.2 Tg, at an annual growth rate of 7.3%. Emissions from power plants are the main sources of SO 2 in China and they increased from 10.6 Tg to 18.6 Tg in the same period. Geographically, emission from north China increased by 85%, whereas that from the south increased by only 28%. The emission growth rate slowed around 2005, and emissions began to decrease after 2006 mainly due to the wide application of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants in response to a new policy of China's government. This paper shows that the trend of estimated SO 2 emission in China is consistent with the trends of SO 2 concentration and acid rain pH and frequency in China, as well as with the increasing trends of background SO 2 and sulfate concentration in East Asia. A longitudinal gradient in the percentage change of urban SO 2 concentration in Japan is found during 2000-2007, indicating that the decrease of urban SO 2 is lower in areas close to the Asian continent. This implies that the transport of increasing SO 2 from the Asian continent partially counteracts the local reduction of SO 2 emission downwind. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) products of Moderate ResoluCorrespondence to: Z. Lu (zlu@anl.gov) tion Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are found to be highly correlated with the surface solar radiation (SSR) measurements in East Asia. Using MODIS AOD data as a surrogate of SSR, we found that China and East Asia excluding Japan underwent a continuous dimming after 2000, which is in line with the dramatic increase in SO 2 emission in East Asia. The trends of AOD from both satellite retrievals and model over East Asia are also consistent with the trend of SO 2 emission in China, especially during the second half of the year, when sulfur contributes the largest fraction of AOD. The arrested growth in SO 2 emissions since 2006 is also reflected in the decreasing trends of SO 2 and SO 2− 4 concentrations, acid rain pH values and frequencies, and AOD over East Asia.

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“…Indeed, noticed an increase in the daily S0 2 amounts measured in the clouds following two eruptions of Mount on the 1991 Cerro Hudson eruption also suggests the erup tion of H 2 S due to a post-eruptive rise in the S0 2 cloud mass. Schnetzler et al [1997] reasoned that the properties which define the volcanic explosivity index (column height and tephra volume) could also be correlated with the amount of S0 2 emitted by volcanoes. They developed a volcanic sulfur dioxide index (VSI) which was intended to be used in conjunction with VEI to provide estimates of potential climatic impact.…”

Section: Emissions Of Hydrogen Sulfidementioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, air pollution is released in the boundary layer while eruptions propel the gases and ash to the free troposphere and stratosphere where the life time is far longer and radiative effects are stronger. The 20-year TOMS record of eruption sizes has led to the de velopment of a volcanic sulfur dioxide index (VSI), a quantitative measure of S0 2 emissions to the atmosphere [Schnetzler et al, 1997] for use in climate studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet remote sensing of volcanic emissions

Krueger¹,

Schaefer²,

Krotkov³

et al. 2000

Geophysical Monograph Series

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Satellite-based ultraviolet remote sensing of volcanic eruptions has produced quantitative measurements of the mass of sulfur dioxide and ash in volcanic clouds by accounting for ozone absorption and Rayleigh scattering in the atmos phere. These retrieval techniques were developed with data from the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) instruments on American, Russian, and Japanese satellites. The sulfur dioxide retrievals have been validated against groundbased Brewer and COSPEC measurements. The ash mass retrievals are in agreement with AVHRR two-band infrared ash retrievals. Daily satellite moni toring has detected, tracked, and quantified S0 2 emissions from a wide range of eruptive activity, from highly explosive to effusive types, and has produced an unprecedented 20-year record of global volcanism. Primary findings from the TOMS data are (1) observations of "excess sulfur" over that liberated during liq uid-phase degassing have indicated the existence of a volatile phase in pre empted magma; (2) indirect evidence for co-erupted H 2 S gas from apparent in crease in S0 2 mass in drifting clouds; (3) insights into the removal rates of S0 2 from the atmosphere, interactions with co-emitted ash particles, and responses to meteorological conditions; and (4) potential operational application of sulfur di oxide and ash detection for aviation hazard mitigation.

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A proposed volcanic sulfur dioxide index (VSI)

Cited by 44 publications

References 19 publications

Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas

Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas

Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia since 2000

Ultraviolet remote sensing of volcanic emissions

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