A Prospective Analysis of the Outcomes of Violent Prone Restraint Incidents in Policing

Ross, Darrell L.

doi:10.15406/frcij.2016.02.00040

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Third, Ross and Hazlett studied 1,085 prone restraint arrest incidents with law enforcement officers and showed that the prone restraint position was not related with a risk of asphyxiation or death with violent arrestees who exhibited signs of intoxication, mental illness, and/or drug use, and excited delirium. 34 Study findings showed the prone restraint position did not lead to any death and 16 percent sustained a moderate injury, even when intermediate weapons or other force measures were applied prior to or during the restraint of a violent arrestee, when weight was applied on the back of the arrestee, and also when the subject's ankles were restrained from 1 to 5 minutes. Finally, Lasoff, Hall, Bozeman, Chan, Castillo & Vilke also studied 2,431 force incidents, of which 1,535 (63%) subjects were placed in the prone restraint position, and he reported no deaths during the study.…”

Section: Scientific Research and Prone Restraintmentioning

confidence: 90%

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2019

FRCIJ

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During a period of confinement in a detention facility, it is not uncommon for detention officers to confront a violent and combative detainee. While rare, a detainee may unexpectedly die during or after the control and restraint process and from being restrained in the prone position. Following a custodial death, a lawsuit will most likely be filed claiming that the responding officers used excessive force and that it contributed to the positional asphyxia death of the detainee. Further, the lawsuit may assert that the administrator failed to train and supervise the officers and failed to implement constitutional policies and procedures. The medical issues associated with prone restraint and the excessive force litigation theories have emerged as a high profile subject in detention liability. This assessment examines the current status of the scientific research performed on prone restraint and provides an assessment of the outcomes and trends in the lower court's decisions regarding a custodial death after the use of the prone restraint position. Recommendations for detention administrators are also discussed.

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Section: Scientific Research and Prone Restraintmentioning

confidence: 90%

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2019

FRCIJ

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“…Four studies evaluated real world police use of force events that resulted in prone positioning. 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 Hall et al reviewed restraint and police use of force events and in 1255 subjects and reported that 42.8% were left in a prone position and none of the subjects died. 33 Hall et al subsequently reviewed restraint and police use of force events and in 4828 use of force events, with over 2000 of the subjects were restrained in a prone position.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study population, they reported no deaths. 35 Lasoff et al reported that in 2431 use of force incidents, 63.1% ended up being placed in a prone restraint position and no fatalities were noted. 36 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restraint physiology: A review of the literature

Vilke

2020

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

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Law-enforcement often uses forensic restraints to control individuals and often these individuals are placed in positions and with various amounts of weight used to hold them in place. There has been a moderate amount of research performed on humans in this field of study to assess the physiologic impact of the positions and weight on ventilatory and cardiovascular parameters. This review discusses the scientific medical literature on the use of restraints and restraint position including the use of weight force and aggregates the findings in specific physiologic areas, such as impact on blood pressure, heart rate, and ventilatory parameters.

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“…Laboratory and prospective field research have shown compelling evidence that prone restraint position does not lead to asphyxia. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Moreover, CEWs have been increasingly used by law enforcement and corrections officers to assist in subduing violent and combative persons, like those exhibiting symptoms of ExDS and are considered intermediate use of force weapons. In order to quickly control a violent individual, to minimize the person's exertional struggle against control, and to maintain the officer's and the persons' safety, the CEW is the most recommended and preferable approach over other non-deadly force measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously performed a prospective analysis of the outcomes violent prone restraint incidents in policing. 23 In this article we report on a cohort of arrestees from the former study who exhibited symptoms associated with ExDS to broaden the knowledge base on the subject. Additionally, we analyzed the application of the CEW and its outcome with this cohort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the symptoms associated with excited delirium syndrome and the use of conducted energy weapons

Ross¹,

Hazlett²

2018

FRCIJ

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Incidents where the police and corrections officers confront a person exhibiting the symptoms of the excited delirium syndrome (ExDS) has become an important concern, although rare in occurrence. To date there has been two prospective, epidemiologic studies which have examined the frequency of the symptoms of ExDS during a police use of force confrontation. Using a prospective research design, we analyzed a cohort of 635 arrestees who exhibited symptoms of ExDS as reported by 17 police agencies from six states in the U.S. over twelve months in 2013 during a use of force incident. We sought to determine if police officers could recognize the associated symptoms of ExDS, determine their prevalence during a use of force confrontation, and to assess if the symptoms were observable across multiple agencies. We also assessed the types of resistance displayed by the arrestees and the outcomes of the use of a conducted energy weapon (CEW) in response to the resistance. Officers reported observing thirteen symptoms associated with ExDS. Using descriptive statistics and regression analysis (p=0.05) showed that 58 percent of the arrestees presented 3 to 4 symptoms, 30 percent presented 5 to 6 symptoms, and 12 percent presented 7 or more symptoms. A CEW was applied in 38 percent (n=240) of the incidents and all arrestees were controlled and restrained in the prone position. None of the arrestees died and in 79 percent of the incidents, an arrestee did not sustain an injury. Officers from multiple agencies were able to recognize the varying symptoms associated with ExDS and their prevalence. The outcome of the incidents showed that applying a CEW with an arrestee exhibiting signs of ExDS is a safe and viable use of force device reducing the likelihood of an arrestee death and minimizing arrestee injuries. Based on the results policy, training, and the focus of future research is discussed.

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A Prospective Analysis of the Outcomes of Violent Prone Restraint Incidents in Policing

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Untitled

Untitled

Restraint physiology: A review of the literature

Assessing the symptoms associated with excited delirium syndrome and the use of conducted energy weapons

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