A Prospective Assessment of Reports of Drinking to Self-medicate Mood Symptoms With the Incidence and Persistence of Alcohol Dependence

Crum, Rosa M.; Mojtabai, Ramin; Lazareck, Samuel; Bolton, James M.; Robinson, Jennifer L.; Sareen, Jitender; Green, Kerry M.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Flair, Lareina La; Alvanzo, Anika; Storr, Carla L.

doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1098

Cited by 149 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Rather than using medication prescribed by a health professional, young people -as is the case with other age groups -may use maladaptive coping styles such as substance use/misuse or avoidance to cope with problems. 26 The high use of substances among those with SI in this study is consistent with existing reports 7,27,28 in which youth use substances to cope with depression, anxiety and/or SI. Table 2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Recurrent suicidal ideation in young adults

Dugas

Low

O’Loughlin

et al. 2015

Can J Public Health

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OBJECTIVES: Recurrent suicidal ideation (SI) may be linked to an increased risk of making suicide plans and suicide attempts. The objectives were to describe the frequency of SI recurrence in a population-based sample of young adults, and to compare mental health diagnoses, substance use, use of health services and medication use among those with and without recurrent SI.METHODS: Data were collected from 785 participants at age 20 years and again at age 24. Chi-square tests were used to compare participants with and without recurrent SI. RESULTS:Of 56 participants who reported SI at age 20, 32% reported SI four years later. Thirty-nine percent of participants with recurrent SI reported poor mental health compared to 8% of participants who never reported SI; 11% (vs. 4%) had sought professional help, 44% (vs. 8%) had been diagnosed with a mood and/or anxiety disorder, and 22% (vs. 2%) had taken medication for a mental health problem. Past-year substance use was higher among those with recurrent SI than among those with no SI: 67% vs. 42% smoked cigarettes, 56% vs. 39% used other tobacco products, 89% vs. 74% binge drank, 56% vs. 42% used marijuana and 33% vs. 17% reported using illicit drugs. CONCLUSION:One third of young adults with a history of SI reported SI four years later. Because SI can recur, clinicians should monitor young adults with a history of SI, assess their substance use and mood/anxiety disorders and if needed, refer them for psychological or psychiatric care.KEY WORDS: Longitudinal studies; suicidal ideation; young adult La traduction du résumé se trouve à la fin de l'article.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Recurrent suicidal ideation in young adults

Dugas

Low

O’Loughlin

et al. 2015

Can J Public Health

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“…An additional body of literature has assessed the temporal onset of MD and SUD without directly assessing SM, and found evidence for both causal pathways (Crum et al., 2013; Feingold et al., 2015; Fergusson et al., 2009; Kessler et al., 1997; Kuo et al., 2006; Lazareck et al., 2012; Liang et al., 2011; Martins et al., 2012; Wolitzky‐Taylor et al., 2012). Data from Australia showed that those with MD were at a higher risk of incident harmful or dependent drug use (Liang et al., 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, analyses using longitudinal data from waves 1 and 2 of the NESARC have provided the strongest approach to test the SMH by measuring the relationship between MD and incident SUD among those who report SM with alcohol and/or drugs for MD symptoms (Crum et al., 2013; Lazareck et al., 2012). Individuals who reported using alcohol to self‐medicate MD symptoms had an increased odds of incident and persistent alcohol dependence (AOR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.55–6.19 and AOR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.35–5.08, respectively) (Table 3) (Crum et al., 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the strongest approach to assessing the SMH lies in longitudinal studies that assess SM for MD/AD symptoms as a predictor of incident and persistent SUD. In the current literature, five studies were identified that assessed the relationship between MD/AD and SUD for those who report SM (Crum, La Flair et al., 2013; Crum, Mojtabai et al., 2013; Lazareck et al., 2012;Menary et al., 2011; Yaworski, Robinson, Sareen, & Bolton, 2011). The results consistently demonstrated that SM for MD/AD symptoms is a significant predictor of incident and persistent SUD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work using this method has shown support for the SMH (Gorka, Hedeker, Piasecki, & Mermelstein, 2017; Possemato et al., 2015). Epidemiological studies using general population samples can overcome some of the limitations of treatment‐seeking samples, such as treatment‐seeking bias, by being representative of the general population (Alegria et al., 2010; Crum, La Flair et al., 2013; Crum, Mojtabai et.al., 2013; Farmer et al., 2017; Feingold, Weiser, Rehm, & Lev‐ran, 2015, 2016; Fergusson, Boden, & Horwood, 2009; Kessler et al., 1997; Kuo, Gardner, Kendler, & Prescott, 2006; Lazareck et al., 2012; Liang, Chikritzhs, & Lenton, 2011; Martins et al., 2012; Martins, Keyes, Storr, Zhu, & Chilcoat, 2009; Menary, Kushner, Maurer, & Thuras, 2011; Robinson, Sareen, Cox, & Bolton, 2011; Sareen et al., 2001; Swendsen et al., 1998; Wolitzky‐Taylor, Bobova, Zinbarg, Mineka, & Craske, 2012). Epidemiological samples are further strengthened by using age of onset or longitudinal designs to assess the temporal onset of MD/AD and SUD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (MD and AD) with substance use disorders (SUD) is common. One explanation for this comorbidity is the self‐medication hypothesis, which posits that individuals with MD or AD use substances to cope with the difficult symptoms associated with the disorder. Over time, self‐medication (SM) can develop into an independent SUD. This narrative review will present the prevalence and correlates of SM with alcohol and/or drugs for MD and AD and the relationship between SM and subsequent SUD using both cross‐sectional and longitudinal epidemiological data.MethodsScopus and PsycINFO were searched from January 1997 to April 2018 to identify original research articles that examined the prevalence and correlates of SM and the temporal relationship between MD/AD and SUD in the general population (n = 22).ResultsThe prevalence of SM with alcohol and/or drugs among those with MD or AD ranged from 21.9% to 24.1%. Male sex, younger age, being separated, divorced or widowed, and being Caucasian were characteristics associated with higher proportions of respondents endorsing SM with alcohol/drugs for MD and AD. Longitudinal data supports the temporal onset of primary MD/AD and secondary SUD among those who self‐report SM.ConclusionProviding and promoting alternate coping strategies for those with MD/AD may reduce SM, the development of SUD, and the comorbidity of MD/AD with SUD. The concurrent treatment of MD/AD and substance use is the current “gold standard” model of care, and the results of this review support its use.

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