A prospective life cycle assessment of global ammonia decarbonisation scenarios

Integrating climate policies in the sustainability analysis of green chemicals

“…We observe that the impacts of fossil-based ammonia production pathways in this study align well with the literature estimates for the 3.5 °C scenario. 34 …”

“…However, only changes in the power mixes supplying energy to the chemical plant (foreground system) were often considered. 32 Very recently, prospective studies covering diverse modifications in the background system (all the supply chain activities connected to an industrial system) have started to emerge in the literature, 33,34 yet applications to chemicals are still very scarce. 35…”

Optimal Combination of Net-Zero Pathways for Minimum Energy, Land, and Water Consumption in Chemical Production

“…When producing carbon-free chemicals such as ammonia, the CCU route is replaced with a conceptually similar route, namely, electrification. In this case, emissions from ammonia production are abated by replacing fossil-based hydrogen production, currently based on steam methane reforming of natural gas or coal gasification, with water electrolysis driven by renewable electricity; carbon-free hydrogen is combined with carbon-free nitrogen for ammonia production, and no CO 2 capture is needed. ,, Biomass . Biomass replaces fossil fuels, both as a source of carbon and hydrogen atoms and as a source of energy for the synthesis of chemical products.…”

“…12,13 So-called "primary chemicals"−namely, ammonia, methanol, and plastics 14 −were responsible for ∼2 billion metric tons of CO 2 (Gt CO 2 ) emissions in 2020, including both direct and energy-related emissions, and account for ∼5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. 6 Emissions related to chemical production are projected to reach 4.5 Gt CO 2 by 2050, due to a growing and wealthier population using more plastics, the use of methanol and ammonia as synthetic fuels, 14,15 or the continued use of ammonia as a precursor to nitrogen fertilizers 16,17 to meet future food demand. 18 The chemical industry faces particular challenges given the widespread use of carbon-rich raw materials, the need for high- temperature heat, and the complex global value chains.…”

“…Chemical products are integrated throughout several supply chains, with ∼96% of all manufactured goods having a connection to chemistry. , So-called “primary chemicals”–namely, ammonia, methanol, and plastics–were responsible for ∼2 billion metric tons of CO 2 (Gt CO 2 ) emissions in 2020, including both direct and energy-related emissions, and account for ∼5% of global greenhouse gas emissions . Emissions related to chemical production are projected to reach 4.5 Gt CO 2 by 2050, due to a growing and wealthier population using more plastics, the use of methanol and ammonia as synthetic fuels, , or the continued use of ammonia as a precursor to nitrogen fertilizers , to meet future food demand …”