The effects of twisting and type (single-or double-lumen) of aspiration needle on the efficiency of transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pickup (US-guided OPU) were investigated in cattle. The first study using slaughterhouse ovaries revealed that twisting of the needle during follicle aspiration improved the oocyte recovery rate without deleterious effects on the attachment of cumulus layers. Vacuum pressure affected the oocyte recovery and cumulus attachment, regardless of the needle type. The needle type did not affect the oocyte recovery or cumulus attachment with an optimized vacuum pressure. In the second study, US-guided OPU was performed in live cows using two types of needles with a vacuum pressure of 75 mmHg. The needle type did not affect the oocyte recovery or cumulus attachment of the recovered oocytes. The results revealed that twisting of the needle is effective in follicle aspirati on, and suggested that a single-lumen needle is as useful as a double-lumen needle for US-guided OPU in cattle. The transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovum pickup (US-guided OPU) in cattle reported by Pieterse et al. [16] has been widely utilized as a new technique which enables repeated retrieval of oocytes from live cows in various conditions , including milking [5], dry [5], pregnant [15], prepu-bertal [4, 8] and infertile cows [10]. Several factors, such as hormonal stimulation [8, 14], time of US-guided OPU within the estrous cycle [17] and frequency within a certain period [9], have been reported to affect the efficiency of recovery of oocytes and quality of cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs). However, even if many follicles can be recruited in vivo by these modifications, a reliable follicle aspiration system is required. Nevertheless, there are few reports of attempts to improve the follicle aspiration system. Recently, follicle aspiration experiments using slaughterhouse ovaries showed that vacuum pressure [2], and the diameter [2, 7] and bevel [3] of aspiration needles affected the oocyte recovery rate, cumulus attachment and quality of the oocytes. A double-lumen needle allows simultaneous flushing and aspiration of follicles, overcoming the potential problem of failure to retrieve oocytes by only a single aspiration. However, few reports [6] have demonstrated the superiority of double-lumen needles to single-lumen needles in live cows. Although follicle aspiration with needle twisting has been carried out to retrieve follicular oocytes from live cows [16, 19], the effects of needle twisting on the oocyte recovery rate and the quality of recovered oocytes have not been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of twisting and type (single-or double-lumen) of aspiration needle on the efficiency of oocyte retrieval using slaughterhouse ovaries and live cows. MATERIALS AND METHODS Follicle aspiration system: A single-lumen needle (18 gauge, 60-cm long; Fujihira Industries, Tokyo, Japan) was connected to a 50-ml plastic conical tube (Falcon 2098;