A Prospective Study of Injury Affecting Competitive Collegiate Swimmers

Chase, Kristin; Caine, Dennis; Goodwin, Brett J.; Whitehead, James; Romanick, Mark

doi:10.1080/15438627.2012.757224

Cited by 42 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The urgent need for greater disclosure of non-time loss injuries is further highlighted by our study and previous studies4–6 22 25 26 finding large proportions of shoulder and overuse injuries. In addition, female swimmers were more likely to suffer an overuse injury than male swimmers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…In these studies, activities outside of swimming contributed to 55–62% of injuries. A smaller study22 of 34 NCAA Division I male and female swimmers across one season restricted injuries to those sustained during school-sanctioned practices and competitions, yielding an overall rate of 5.55 injuries per 1000 AEs. Our study utilised data from 22 programmes and 53 seasons and yielded smaller swimming injury rates (men 1.48/1000 AEs; women 1.63/1000 AEs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

et al. 2015

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Background/Aim Recent injury data for collegiate-level swimming and diving is limited. Previous data is limited to single seasons, elite and national team athletes, or emergency department data. This study describes the epidemiology of men’s and women’s swimming and diving injuries reported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009/10-2013/14 academic years. Methods Injuries and athlete-exposure (AE) data reported within nine men’s and 13 women’s swimming and diving programs were analyzed. Injury rates, injury rate ratios (IRR), and injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and mechanism were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The ISP captured 149 and 208 injuries for men’s and women’s swimming and diving, respectively, leading to injury rates of 1.54/1000AEs and 1.71/1000AEs. Among females, divers had a higher injury rate (2.49/1000AEs) than swimmers (1.63/1000AEs; IRR=1.53; 95%CI: 1.07, 2.19). Injury rates for male divers (1.94/1000AEs) and swimmers (1.48/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.33; 95%CI: 0.85, 2.31). Most injuries occurred to the shoulder and resulted in strains. Many injuries were classified as overuse or non-contact. Female swimmers had a higher overuse injury rate (1.04/1000AEs) than male swimmers (0.66/1000AEs; IRR=1.58; 95%CI: 1.14, 2.19). Overuse injury rates for female divers (0.54/1000AEs) and male divers (0.46/1000AEs) did not differ (IRR=1.16; 95%CI: 0.40, 3.34). Conclusions Shoulder, strain, and overuse injuries were common in collegiate men’s and women’s swimming and diving. In addition, divers may have higher injury rates than swimmers, although small reported numbers in this study warrant additional research.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

et al. 2015

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“…This suggests that gender is not a risk factor for injury or illness in aquatic disciplines5 7 8 unlike in sports such as athletics23 or football,24 where males have an overall increased injury incidence. In aquatics, the high-risk group comprises older athletes competing in HD, WP and DIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) assessed injury incidence in WP during the 2004 Olympic Games,2 and investigated all aquatic disciplines during the 2008 and 2012 Olympic Games 3 6. Another prospective injury surveillance programme that has rendered interesting results was conducted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in SW and DIV 5 7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury and illness in aquatic sport: how high is the risk? A comparison of results from three FINA World Championships

et al. 2016

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Background Epidemiological information on injury/ illness is required to develop effective injury prevention strategies. Aim To assess the frequency and characteristics of injuries/illnesses (1) in the 4 weeks prior to and (2) during the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Championships 2015 compared with 2013 and 2009. Method (1) Athletes answered a retrospective questionnaire, and (2) the medical staff reported injuries/ illnesses prospectively during the championships. Results (1) A quarter of responding athletes reported symptoms in the 4 weeks prior to the championships. More than half of all affected athletes presented with substantial severity, 80% took medication, 70% had overuse injuries and 30% did not modify their training regime despite symptoms. At the start of the championships, 70% of affected participants were still symptomatic. (2) During the championships, injury and illness incidence was 12.9 per 100 athletes. The most common injuries were shoulder sprains (5.7%) and muscle cramps of the lower back (5.7%). The most common illnesses were infections of the respiratory (33.9%) and gastrointestinal tract (23.5%). Risk factors included discipline and age, but not gender. Incidence was highest in athletes competing in high diving (HD), water polo (WP) and diving (DIV) for injuries, and WP and swimming (SW) for illnesses. The significantly higher incidence of injuries and illnesses at the FINA World Championships 2015 compared with 2013 and 2009 was most probably due to a similarly improved response rate of the medical staff. Conclusions In aquatic sports, surveillance and health promotion should focus on prevention of out-ofcompetition overuse injuries and athlete education.

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“…A 1-year prospective study of male and female swimmers at an NCAA Division I university reported 5.5 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures and 3.04 injuries per 1,000 exposure hours. Prior injuries to the same and different anatomical locations were independent risk factors for new injuries (9). The Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) is the international sports body responsible for the organizational oversight of competitive swimming, water polo, diving, synchronized swimming, open water swimming, and masters swimming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Care of the Aquatics Athlete

Nichols

2015

Current Sports Medicine Reports

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Competitive swimmers are affected by several musculoskeletal and medical complaints that are unique to the sport. 'Swimmer's shoulder,' the most common overuse injury, is usually caused by some combination of impingement, rotator cuff tendinopathy, scapular dyskinesis, and instability. The condition may be treated with training modifications, stroke error correction, and strengthening exercises targeting the rotator cuff, scapular stabilizers, and core. Implementation of prevention programs to reduce the prevalence of shoulder pathology is crucial. Knee pain usually results from the breaststroke kick in swimmers, and the 'egg beater' kick in water polo players and synchronized swimmers. Lumbar back pain also is common in aquatics athletes. Among the medical conditions of particular importance in swimmers are exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, respiratory illnesses, and ear problems. Participants in other aquatics sports (water polo, diving, synchronized swimming, and open water swimming) may experience medical ailments specific to the sport.

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A Prospective Study of Injury Affecting Competitive Collegiate Swimmers

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's swimming and diving injuries from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014

Injury and illness in aquatic sport: how high is the risk? A comparison of results from three FINA World Championships

Medical Care of the Aquatics Athlete

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