A prospective study of swimming-related illness. II. Morbidity and the microbiological quality of water.

Seyfried, Patricia L.; Tobin, R.S.; Brown, Natalie E.; Ness, P F

doi:10.2105/ajph.75.9.1071

Cited by 109 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the Hong Kong study, E. coli was also a reasonable indicator, but there was a relatively low correlation between total symptom rates and enterococci or faecal streptococci. In the Canadian study (Seyfried et al 1985a(Seyfried et al , 1985b, the Cabelli protocol was followed at freshwater bathing sites in Ontario. Although there were significant statistical relationships between disease incidence and both faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci, total staphylococci were the best indicator of disease risk.…”

Section: Alternatives To Faecal Streptococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a large-scale study conducted at Hong Kong Beaches (Cheung et al 1988) showed that the best enteric infection predictor was E. coli. Others have shown health risk to be best indicated by staphylococci (e.g., Seyfried et al 1985aSeyfried et al , 1985bCalderon et al 1991), although levels of these bacteria may also be related to bather density in semi-enclosed waters. However, in the studies by Seyfried et al (1985a;1985b) faecal streptococci were counted, rather than enterococci.…”

Section: Recently a Document Entitied Provisional Microbiological Wamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Sinton

Donnison²,

Hastie

1993

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Some New Zealand regional councils are examining the use of faecal streptococci (or the subset, enterococci) to assist in identifying pollution sources, or as better indicators of disease risk in bathing waters than faecal coliforms. However, in spite of worldwide investigation, faecal streptococci have largely failed to fulfil their potential as pollution source (human versus animal) indicators in receiving waters. Many qualifications accompany the use of faecal coliform : faecal streptococci (FC : FS) ratios, and the species identification approach (using biochemical and DNA-based methods) has produced inconclusive results. Nevertheless, the FC : FS shift method (in which the ratio changes under sample storage) may M92025 Received 6 May 1992 ; accepted 18 January 1993 warrant further investigation. Although reported results vary widely, most studies indicate that faecal streptococci outlive faecal coliforms in receiving waters and are more resistant to sunlight-induced inactivation. USEPA epidemiological studies showed that enterococcus concentrations were better correlated than faecal conform concentrations with disease risk associated with bathing in sewage-polluted waters. These results, which implied that the enterococci better represented viral hazard, led the USEPA to recommend the use of enterococci (or Escherichia coli in freshwaters) as bathing water quality indicators. These recommendations have largely been followed in provisional New Zealand Department of Health guidelines. However, adoption of the USEPA criteria should be approached cautiously, because of doubts about their epidemiological applicability in New Zealand, and a lack of information about streptococcal concentrations and species profiles in local effluents and receiving waters.

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Section: Alternatives To Faecal Streptococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recently a Document Entitied Provisional Microbiological Wamentioning

confidence: 99%

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Sinton

Donnison²,

Hastie

1993

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…The combination of several indicators is likely to offer a global picture of water quality (23). The ndings of this study suggest that fecal coliforms represent the most sensitive bacterial indicator when it comes to seasonal uctuation related to increased human presence during the summer months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Seasonal fluctuation of bacterial indicators in coastal waters

Maipa¹

2001

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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The relationships between number of coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, location, time and seasonal factors in marine environments of northwest Greece were investigated over a period of 4 years. Research focused on measuring and comparing bacteria in coastal marine waters undergoing heavy bacterial charge during the tourist season. Microbiological pollution was increased during the summer period. Seasonal uctuation of the fecal indicator bacteria was noted and concerned mainly E. coli and fecal coliforms, which are the most sensitive indicators in the marine environment.

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“…They accept the guide values of the investigated bacteria up to 500 cfu/100 ml of marine water for coliform bacteria and 100 cfu/100 ml for both E. coli and faecal streptococci. The combination of the three indicators is likely to offer a global picture of water quality (19).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variability of saprophytic and water quality bacteria along the coast of the Aqaba and Suez Gulfs and Red Sea, Egypt

El-Shenawy

Farag

2005

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

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Spatial and temporal variability of saprophytic (SB) and salt-tolerant saprophytic (STSB) bacterial counts as well total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC) and faecal streptococci (FS) were investigated in the Egyptian surface coastal waters of the Aqaba and Suez Gulfs as well as the Red Sea. A total of 200 samples was collected from 40 sites during January, March, May, July and September 2002. Hydrographical parameters including water temperature (8C), salinity (S ), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were also measured. According to the European and Egyptian current standards, of 200 samples analysed during 2002, 183 samples (91.5%) were acceptable for marine recreational purposes. The results indicated that the water quality of the investigated coastal areas was generally affected by sewage disposal and/or other anthropogenic influences. However, in bathing and recreational areas, the water quality was mainly affected by the excessive human presence, i.e. tourists/visitors and their recreational activities. In general, the counts of all investigated bacterial groups were found to be correlated with each other.

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A prospective study of swimming-related illness. II. Morbidity and the microbiological quality of water.

Cited by 109 publications

References 12 publications

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Seasonal fluctuation of bacterial indicators in coastal waters

Spatial and temporal variability of saprophytic and water quality bacteria along the coast of the Aqaba and Suez Gulfs and Red Sea, Egypt

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