A prospective study of the effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse on mortality

Vaillant, George E.; Schnurr, Paula P.; Baron, John A.; Gerber, Paul D.

doi:10.1007/bf02597425

Cited by 62 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with signifi cant health risk (i.e., hypertension, gastrointestinal bleeding, sleep disorders, major depression, hemorrhagic stroke, cirrhosis of the liver, and several cancers; Rehm et al, 2003 ) and is a leading cause of death ( McGinnis & Foege, 1993 ;Meister, Whelan, & Kava, 2000 ). Additionally, concurrent alcohol and tobacco use is known to further exacerbate health risks associated with the singular use of each substance ( Blot et al, 1988 ;Hurt et al, 1996 ;Klatsky & Armstrong, 1992 ;Rosengren, Wilhelmsen, & Wedel, 1993 ;Vaillant, Schnurr, Baron, & Gerber, 1991 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of smoke-free Scotland on pub and home drinking behavior: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project

McKee¹,

Higbee²,

O'Malley³

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Introduction: On 26 March 2006, Scotland implemented a smoke-free policy prohibiting smoking in indoor public venues, including bars and pubs. Drinking and smoking are highly associated behaviors, so we evaluated whether the regulations would decrease drinking behavior among smokers in public venues. We further assessed whether this effect would be more pronounced in heavier drinkers and whether decreases in drinking behavior in pubs would be offset by increased drinking in the home.Methods: Participants ( N = 1,059) were adult smokers and nonsmokers from Scotland and from the rest of the United Kingdom, which did not have comprehensive smoke-free policies during the study period. Data were collected using a random-digit -dialed telephone survey from February to March 2006, just prior to the policy implementation in Scotland. Follow-up surveys were conducted in March 2007. Using baseline data, we categorized participants as abstainers, moderate drinkers, or heavy drinkers. Results:Overall, results demonstrated that drinking behavior did not change signifi cantly in Scotland compared with the rest of the United Kingdom following implementation of the smokefree policy in Scotland. However, planned comparisons examining mean changes in drinks consumed in pubs or bars following the legislation demonstrated that the smoke-free legislation was associated with reduced drinking behavior in pubs and bars among moderate-and heavy-drinking smokers in Scotland. These moderate-and heavy-drinking Scottish smokers also reduced their pub attendance following policy implementation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal evaluation of smoke-free Scotland on pub and home drinking behavior: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project

McKee¹,

Higbee²,

O'Malley³

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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“…Given the substantial health risks associated with concurrent alcohol and tobacco use (Hurt et al 1996;Rosengren et al 1993;Blot et al 1988;Klatsky and Armstrong 1992;Vaillant et al 1991), there has been a growing effort to address smoking cessation in those experiencing alcohol problems. Most studies have been conducted with alcohol-dependent drinkers (Burling et al 1991;Joseph et al 1990;Hurt et al 1994), and less is known about how to promote smoking cessation in non-dependent heavy drinkers who represent the majority of those with problems resulting from alcohol consumption (Institute of Medicine 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of transdermal nicotine replacement on alcohol responses and alcohol self-administration

et al. 2007

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Rationale-Nicotine replacement is commonly used to treat tobacco use in heavy-drinking smokers. However, few studies have examined the effect of nicotine replacement on subjective and physiological responses to alcohol and alcohol drinking behavior.Objective-The primary aim of this within-subject, double-blind study was to examine whether transdermal nicotine replacement (0 mg vs 21 mg/day) altered response to a low-dose priming drink and subsequent ad libitum drinking behavior.Materials and methods-Subjects (n=19) were non-treatment-seeking, non-dependent heavy drinkers who were daily smokers. Six hours after transdermal patch application, subjective and physiological responses to a priming drink [designed to raise blood alcohol levels (BALs) to 0.03 g/ dl] were assessed. This was followed by a 2-h self-administration period where subjects could choose to consume up to eight additional drinks (each designed to raise BALs by 0.015 g/dl) or to receive monetary reinforcement for drinks not consumed.Results-We found that 6 h after patch application, tobacco craving associated with withdrawal relief was decreased, and systolic blood pressure and heart rate were increased in the active patch condition compared to the placebo patch condition. Subjective intoxication in response to the priming drink was attenuated in the active nicotine patch condition compared to 6 h of nicotine deprivation (i.e., placebo patch). During the self-administration period, subjects had longer latencies to start drinking and consequently appeared to consume fewer drinks when administered the active patch compared to the placebo patch.Conclusions-In heavy drinkers, transdermal nicotine replacement compared to mild nicotine deprivation attenuated subjective and physiological alcohol responses and delayed the initiation of drinking.

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“…While cigarette smoking has decreased to 24.9% of the United States population age twelve or older (2005), approximately 80-95% of alcoholics smoke cigarettes (Friend and Pagano, 2005;Hughes, 1995). Smoking alcoholics smoke more than non-alcoholics (Hurt et al, 1995;Marks et al, 1997), are more nicotine dependent (Hughes and Kalman, 2006), may experience more severe nicotine withdrawal symptoms (Marks et al, 1997) and are particularly vulnerable to significant medical sequelae of concomitant use of both drugs (Blot et al, 1988;Vaillant et al, 1991). Tobacco, rather than alcohol, has been shown to be the leading cause of death among alcohol dependent patients previously treated for their alcoholism in an inpatient setting (Hurt et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bupropion and nicotine patch as smoking cessation aids in alcoholics

Grant

Kelley

Smith

et al. 2007

Alcohol

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This is a double blind placebo controlled study of sustained release bupropion as a smoking cessation aid in alcoholics undergoing treatment for their alcoholism. Participants (N=58) were enrolled within one week of entry into alcohol treatment from community and Veterans Affairs Substance Use Disorder programs. All participants received nicotine patch and were invited to attend a smoking cessation lecture and group. Cigarette smoking and alcohol outcomes were measured at six months. Bupropion when added to nicotine patch did not improve smoking outcomes. One-third of participants on bupropion reported discontinuing the drug during weeks 1-4. Participants reported cigarette outcomes with nicotine patch which are similar to those seen in the general population. All study participants significantly reduced cigarette use. Co-morbid affective disorder or antipersonality disorder did not affect outcomes. Alcohol outcomes were improved in those who discontinued cigarettes.

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A prospective study of the effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse on mortality

Abstract: These results and a literature review suggest that insufficient alcohol abuse histories may lead clinicians to underestimate the mortality risk of alcohol abuse.

Cited by 62 publications

References 49 publications

Longitudinal evaluation of smoke-free Scotland on pub and home drinking behavior: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project

Longitudinal evaluation of smoke-free Scotland on pub and home drinking behavior: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project

Effect of transdermal nicotine replacement on alcohol responses and alcohol self-administration

Bupropion and nicotine patch as smoking cessation aids in alcoholics

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