“…In particular, a number of biosensors based on enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase or lactate oxidase have been developed. The output signals from these biosensors vary, but include spectroscopic (Shah et al, 2007), fluorescent (D'Auria et al, 2000; Li et al, 2009; Trettnak and Wolfbeis, 1989), chemiluminescent (Martinez‐Olmos et al, 2009; Roda et al, 2014; Zhou et al, 2014), or amperometric detection (Haccoun et al, 2006; Hasebe et al, 2005; Male et al, 1997; Parra et al, 2006; Weber et al, 2006), with the latter as the dominant detection modality (recently reviewed in (Rathee et al, 2016)). Novel methods of immobilization to improve detection have also been explored (Haccoun et al, 2006; Hasebe et al, 2005; Pagan et al, 2015; Tu et al, 2016; Xu et al, 2005; Yang et al, 2008).…”