A prototype of trigger electronics for LAWCA experiment

Lin, Yuanfei; Liu, Zhao; Shang, Lei; Liu, Shubin; An, Qi

doi:10.1088/1674-1137/37/12/126101

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Thus, it is possible in principle to determine the SoC of catholytes from absorbance measurements. 47,[66][67][68] However, the procedure in-volves measurements (and corresponding calibration curves) at two different wavelengths. In practice, both calibration curves will vary with electrolyte composition not only in the values of absorbance but also in the shape of the curves.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed this technique has been used in several studies. [66][67][68] A similar methodology can be used for very dilute V IV -V V mixtures 46,48 and has been used to study mass transport and the effect of side reactions within a VFB. [69][70][71][72] However, at the concentrations typically used in a VFB, the absorbance of V IV -V V electrolytes is high and is a very non-linear function of the mole fraction of V IV and of overall vanadium concentration.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of V^IV-V^VAbsorbance

Petchsingh

Quill

Joyce

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The ultraviolet-visible spectra of catholytes for vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) were measured and analyzed for a range of V IV :V V ratios and vanadium concentrations. Using a model of V 2 O 3 3+ in equilibrium with VO 2+ and VO 2 + , the spectra were characterized in terms of an excess absorbance parameter p and the molar extinction coefficients ε 4 and ε 5 of VO 2+ and VO 2 + , respectively. The results showed that p varies weakly with the vanadium concentration C and this variation was quantified relative to a reference concentration C r by means of a concentration coefficient φ r . Experimental data showed that plots of φ r versus Cφ r and plots of 1/φ r versus C are linear and, based on this linearity, φ r was expressed as a simple function of C in terms of its reference concentration C r and a single parameter M that is independent of the choice of C r . Standard spectra of p at a concentration C 0 = 1 mol dm −3 and of ε 4 and ε 5 were generated from which the spectrum of any catholyte may be simulated using the measured value of M in a governing equation. This enables determination of the state of charge for any VFB catholyte using absorbance measurements at a small number of wavelengths. The use of non-dispatchable power sources such as solar, wind and ocean energy is increasing.1 Due to the intermittency of these sources, their use is restricted unless there is a means of storing the energy they produce in periods of high availability for utilization in periods of limited availability. 2,3 There is considerable interest in flow batteries for storing energy from such sources and for other large and medium scale energy storage applications. 4,5 Vanadium flow batteries (VFB), 5-13 also known as vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB or VRB), are particularly attractive because, in addition to having long cycle life, they are essentially immune to cross-contamination problems due to mass transfer across the membrane that can limit the service life of the electrolyte in other systems. 3,4,7,[14][15][16][17][18][19] This is because both the positive and negative sides of a VFB are based on vanadium species, eliminating the need for costly re-purification processes. 1,12 Typical cells have carbon felt electrodes; both cell design and the electrochemical behavior of electrodes are active areas of research. 20-31The cells can operate at coulombic efficiencies of over 90% 32,33 and their carbon electrodes have very good stability as long as the positive half-cell is not overcharged. 34,35 Accurate monitoring of state of charge (SoC) is intrinsically important for the reliability of energy storage systems, particularly large systems in critical applications. Furthermore, independent monitoring of the SoC of both electrolytes is important for effective operation of flow battery technology. For example in a VFB, transfer of vanadium ions across the membrane [36][37][38] and side reactions such as hydrogen formation 12,39-44 at the negative electrode can cause the battery to become unbalanced (e.g. more V V on the posi...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of V^IV-V^VAbsorbance

Petchsingh

Quill

Joyce

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Besides, since a large partition of fake events are rejected by the trigger electronics, the requirement on the DAQ is also reduced. We have finished the design of a trigger electronics prototype based on the second idea [20] and evaluate this design with a basic trigger pattern. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: New Trigger Electronics Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposal of the readout electronics for the WCDA in the LHAASO experiment

Liu¹,

Liu²,

An³

2014

Chinese Phys. C

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The LHAASO (Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) experiment is proposed for a very high energy gamma ray source survey, in which the WCDA (Water Cherenkov Detector Array) is one of the major components. In the WCDA, a total of 3600 PMTs are placed under water in four ponds, each with a size of 150 m×150 m. Precise time and charge measurement is required for the PMT signals, over a large signal amplitude range from a single P.E. (photo electron) to 4000 P.E. To fulfill the high requirement of a signal measurement in so many front end nodes scattered in a large area, special techniques are developed, such as multiple gain readout, hybrid transmission of clocks, commands and data, precise clock phase alignment and new trigger electronics. We present the readout electronics architecture for the WCDA and several prototype modules, which are now being tested in the laboratory.

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“…Compared with the global trigger architecture of traditional experiments such as BESIII [8] and LAWCA [9], the ED readout electronics need no trigger electronics. Data discriminated by the threshold are transmitted to the DAQ (Data Acquisition) and the kernel trigger processing is also completed in the DAQ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototype of readout electronics for the LHAASO KM2A electromagnetic particle detectors

et al. 2016

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The KM2A(one kilometer square extensive air shower array) is the largest detector array in the LHAASO(Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory) project. The KM2A consists of 5635 EDs(Electromagnetic particle Detectors) and 1221 MDs(Muon Detectors). The EDs are distributed and exposed in the wild. Two channels, Anode and Dynode, are employed for the PMT(photomultiplier tube) signal readout. The readout electronics proposed in this paper aims at the accurate charge and arrival time measurement of the PMT signals, which cover a large amplitude range from 20P.E(photoelectrons) to 2×10 5 P.E. By using the Trigger-less architecture, we digitize signals close to the PMTs. All digitized data is transmitted to DAQ(Data Acquisition) via the simplified WR(White Rabbit) protocol. Compared with traditional high energy experiments, high-precision of time measurement in such a large area and suppression of temperature effects in the wild become the key techniques. Experiments show that the design has fulfilled the requirements in this project.

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A prototype of trigger electronics for LAWCA experiment

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of V^IV-V^VAbsorbance

Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of V^IV-V^VAbsorbance

Proposal of the readout electronics for the WCDA in the LHAASO experiment

Prototype of readout electronics for the LHAASO KM2A electromagnetic particle detectors

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A prototype of trigger electronics for LAWCA experiment

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of VIV-VVAbsorbance

Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of VIV-VVAbsorbance

Proposal of the readout electronics for the WCDA in the LHAASO experiment

Prototype of readout electronics for the LHAASO KM2A electromagnetic particle detectors

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Product

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Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of V^IV-V^VAbsorbance

Spectroscopic Measurement of State of Charge in Vanadium Flow Batteries with an Analytical Model of V^IV-V^VAbsorbance