A psychogeriatric community outreach service: Description and evaluation

Seidel, Gabriele; Smith, Charles Kent; Hafner, R. Julian; Holme, Gwili

doi:10.1002/gps.930070507

Cited by 18 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The electronic database search yielded 1241 references (Figure 15), of which 12 [321][322][323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330][331][332] met the inclusion criteria. A further three papers [333][334][335] were identified from reference tracking, giving a total of 15 papers, of which seven [321][322][323][324][325]333,334 were relevant to question 1 and 12 [323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330][331][332]334,335 were relevant to question 2.…”

Section: The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A further three papers [333][334][335] were identified from reference tracking, giving a total of 15 papers, of which seven [321][322][323][324][325]333,334 were relevant to question 1 and 12 [323][324][325][326][327][328][329][330][331][332]334,335 were relevant to question 2. All were papers published in peer-reviewed journals and each represented a different study.…”

Section: The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…All were papers published in peer-reviewed journals and each represented a different study. The earliest paper 332 was published in 1992, followed by two papers 326,332 published in 1999, eight papers 321,323,325,[327][328][329]331,333 between 2001 and 2005 and four 322,324,334,335 published between 2006 and 2011. The main reasons for rejection were first, that they focused solely on short-term training initiatives set up for research and second, that their focus was not on mental health support or outreach.…”

Section: The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…326 Seven studies were undertaken in Australia. [327][328][329][330][331][332]335 Five of the studies described existing service models, three in the UK 322,333,334 and two in Australia, 327,332 while nine studies had been specifically set up for research of which four were UK-based [323][324][325][326] and five were Australian-based 327-331 studies.…”

Section: The Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…322 These also included two Australian studies, which targeted services on residents with both dementia and depression. 329,332 Four of the five studies of existing services were also in this group. 322,[332][333][334] Six papers examined outreach for older people with dementia and all were mainly concerned with reducing behavioural problems.…”

Section: The Recipientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National trends and local delivery in old age mental health services: towards an evidence base. A mixed-methodology study of the balance of care approach, community mental health teams and specialist mental health outreach to care homes

Challis

Tucker

Wilberforce

et al. 2014

Programme Grants for Applied Research

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BackgroundThe rising number of older people with mental health problems makes the effective use of mental health resources imperative. Little is known about the clinical effectiveness and/or cost-effectiveness of different service models.AimsThe programme aimed to (1) refine and apply an existing planning tool [‘balance of care’ (BoC)] to this client group; (2) identify whether, how and at what cost the mix of institutional and community services could be improved; (3) enable decision-makers to apply the BoC framework independently; (4) identify variation in the structure, organisation and processes of community mental health teams for older people (CMHTsOP); (5) examine whether or not different community mental health teams (CMHTs) models are associated with different costs/outcomes; (6) identify variation in mental health outreach services for older care home residents; (7) scope the evidence on the association between different outreach models and resident outcomes; and (8) disseminate the research findings to multiple stakeholder groups.MethodsThe programme employed a mixed-methods approach including three systematic literature reviews; a BoC study, which used a systematic framework for choosing between alternative patterns of support by identifying people whose needs could be met in more than one setting and comparing their costs/outcomes; a national survey of CMHTs’ organisation, structure and processes; a multiple case study of CMHTs exhibiting different levels of integration encompassing staff interviews, an observational study of user outcomes and a staff survey; national surveys of CMHTs’ outreach activities and care homes. A planned randomised trial of depression management in care homes was removed at the review stage by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) prior to funding award.ResultsBoC: Past studies exhibited several methodological limitations, and just two related to older people with mental health problems. The current study suggested that if enhanced community services were available, a substantial proportion of care home and inpatient admissions could be diverted, although only the latter would release significant monies. CMHTsOP: 60% of teams were considered multidisciplinary. Most were colocated, had a single point of access (SPA) and standardised assessment documentation. Evidence of the impact of particular CMHT features was limited. Although staff spoke positively about integration, no evidence was found that more integrated teams produced better user outcomes. Working in high-integration teams was associated with poor job outcomes, but other factors negated the statistical significance of this. Care home outreach: Typical services in the literature undertook some combination of screening (less common), assessment, medication review, behaviour management and training, and evidence suggested intervention can benefit depressed residents. Care home staff were perceived to lack necessary skills, but relatively few CMHTs provided formal training.LimitationsLimitations include a necessary reliance on observational rather than experimental methods, which were not feasible given the nature of the services explored.ConclusionsBoC: Shifting care towards the community would require the growth of support services; clarification of extra care housing’s (ECH) role; timely responses to people at risk of psychiatric admission; and improved hospital discharge planning. However, the promotion of care at home will not necessarily reduce public expenditure. CMHTsOP: Although practitioners favoured integration, its goals need clarification. Occupational therapists (OTs) and social workers faced difficulties identifying optimal roles, and support workers’ career structures needed delineating. Care home outreach: Further CMHT input to build care home staff skills and screen for depression may be beneficial. Priority areas for further study include the costs and benefits for older people of age inclusive mental health services and the relative cost-effectiveness of different models of mental health outreach for older care home residents.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.

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Section: The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Recipientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National trends and local delivery in old age mental health services: towards an evidence base. A mixed-methodology study of the balance of care approach, community mental health teams and specialist mental health outreach to care homes

Challis

Tucker

Wilberforce

et al. 2014

Programme Grants for Applied Research

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The effectiveness of old age psychiatry services

Draper

2000

Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry

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The objective of this study was to review outcomes of acute service delivery in old age psychiatry. Sources of data included Medline, PsycINFO and Cochrane Collaboration databases of English language papers to 1998 on service delivery evaluation in ‘old age psychiatry’, ‘psychogeriatrics’ and ‘geriatric psychiatry’, supplemented by a manual search of references from relevant literature. All controlled trials, audits, and surveys of the outcomes of service delivery in old age psychiatry located in acute hospitals and community settings were included. Service delivery by medical, adult psychiatry and consultation/liaison services were included. With the exception of outreach services to nursing homes, long term institutional care was excluded. All data were extracted by the author. Data quality was assessed by applying an evidence hierarchy. Evaluation strategies were qualitatively reviewed. Controlled trials, audits and surveys were each found to provide important data in the evaluation of service delivery. There is better quality evidence to support the effectiveness of components of old age psychiatry services than other service types. The majority of studies indicate that old age psychiatry services have positive acute treatment outcomes, particularly with depression. There is insufficient evidence to determine which processes of care are associated with better outcomes. Pluralistic evaluations indicate that carers often have unmet needs and are not as positive about outcomes. There have been no controlled comparisons of service delivery provided by other services. In conclusion, controlled trials and audits indicate that old age psychiatry services are effective. Further pluralistic evaluations and comparisons with other services are required. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Specialist outreach clinics in primary care and rural hospital settings.

Gruen

Weeramanthri

Knight

et al. 2003

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

194

251

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This review supports the hypothesis that specialist outreach can improve access, outcomes and service use, especially when delivered as part of a multifaceted intervention. The benefits of simple outreach models in urban non-disadvantaged settings seem small. There is a need for good comparative studies of outreach in rural and disadvantaged settings where outreach may confer most benefit to access and health outcomes.

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A psychogeriatric community outreach service: Description and evaluation

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

National trends and local delivery in old age mental health services: towards an evidence base. A mixed-methodology study of the balance of care approach, community mental health teams and specialist mental health outreach to care homes

National trends and local delivery in old age mental health services: towards an evidence base. A mixed-methodology study of the balance of care approach, community mental health teams and specialist mental health outreach to care homes

The effectiveness of old age psychiatry services

Specialist outreach clinics in primary care and rural hospital settings.

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