A psychopharmacology of motivation and reward related to substance abuse treatment.

Abstract

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Ethanol‐ and Sucrose‐Reinforced Appetitive and Consummatory Responding in HAD1, HAD2, and P Rats

“…These results are consistent with previous findings that P rats engage in more operant responding with ethanol reinforcement than do HAD rats during continuous access (Files et al, 1998) and during limited access when a within-session progressive ratio procedure is used (Ritz et al, 1994b). Moreover, these results are consistent with and extend previous findings showing a distinction between (1) ethanol preference and ethanolreinforced responding and (2) ethanol-reinforced respond-ing and actual ethanol intake in operant paradigms after a variety of manipulations (e.g., increasing response requirement, changing ethanol concentration; George, 1990;George and Ritz, 1993;Ritz et al, 1994a;Samson, 1986;Samson et al, 1998aSamson et al, , 2001. The lack of a correlation between subjects' reinforcer intake and reinforcer seeking during both extinction and breakpoint sessions, regardless of line, also supports a distinction between the appetitive and consummatory processes and is consistent with our previous findings with a limited-access model (Samson et al, 2001).…”

“…Both the P (Bice and Kiefer, 1990) and HAD (Kiefer et al, 1995) lines have been shown to "develop a taste" for ethanol after exposure as measured by an increase in palatability (taste reactivity) relative to their nonpreferring lines. However, there is considerable evidence from experiments using both selected lines and outbred rats that home cage ethanol drinking and ethanolreinforced operant responding procedures measure different components of the regulation of ethanol consumption (George, 1990;George and Ritz, 1993;Ritz et al, 1994a,b;Samson, 1986;Samson et al, 1998aSamson et al, , 2001.…”

Dopamine ligands and the stimulus effects of amphetamine: animal models versus human laboratory data

“…For example, Robinson and Berridge (1993) suggest that DA may mediate the wanting of a drug, whereas some other system (e.g., opiate or GABA-benzodiazepine systems) may mediate the liking. In contrast, George and Ritz (1993) propose that DA may mediate the rewarding (i.e., pleasurable) effects of drugs, whereas serotonin may mediate the motivation to take them. This issue is currently receiving considerable attention, and has yet to be empirically resolved.…”

“…Conversely, however, Johanson and colleagues (1983) reported that over repeated administrations, amphetamine continued to produce reliable euphorigenic effects but behavioral preference for the drug (versus placebo) declined. The apparent dissociation between subjective and reinforcing effects has been used by some (Fibiger et al 1992;George and Ritz 1993;Robinson and Berridge 1993) to argue that liking a drug (e.g., positive subjective effects; euphoria) and wanting it (e.g., reinforcing effects) may have different neural substrates. For example, Robinson and Berridge (1993) suggest that DA may mediate the wanting of a drug, whereas some other system (e.g., opiate or GABA-benzodiazepine systems) may mediate the liking.…”

Ethanol- and Sucrose-Reinforced Appetitive and Consummatory Responding in HAD1, HAD2, and P Rats

“…These animals were selected based on the phenotype of 24 hr home cage ethanol (10%) intake and preference over concurrently available water (for reviews and details, see Li et al, 1994;Li and McBride, 1995;McBride and Li, 1998). However, there is considerable evidence from experiments using both selected lines and outbred rats that home cage ethanol drinking and ethanolreinforced operant responding procedures measure different components of the regulation of ethanol consumption (George, 1990;George and Ritz, 1993;Ritz et al, 1994a,b;Samson, 1986;Samson et al, 1998aSamson et al, , 2001. However, there is considerable evidence from experiments using both selected lines and outbred rats that home cage ethanol drinking and ethanolreinforced operant responding procedures measure different components of the regulation of ethanol consumption (George, 1990;George and Ritz, 1993;Ritz et al, 1994a,b;Samson, 1986;Samson et al, 1998aSamson et al, , 2001.…”