A Psychophysical Contribution to Air Safety: Simulator Studies of Visual Illusions in Night Visual Approaches

Kraft, Conrad L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2487-4_21

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Such environments include those encountered in aircraft and spacecraft, as well as hostile conditions that require remotely operated equipment. For example, the misperception of the pitch of a flying aircraft relative to the horizontal axis (Cohen, 1977;Gilson, Guedry, Hixson, & Niven, 1973) and the misperception of the pitch of a visually presented landing strip (Kraft, 1978;Perrone, 1984) have been strongly implicated in several aviation accidents. In addition, examination of visual and somesthetic cues that bias postural orientation may leadto countermeasures for the spatial disorientation observed during orbital flight (Kerwin, 1975).…”

Section: Initial Bed Pitch and Box Pitchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual and somesthetic influences on postural orientation in the median plane

Nemire

Cohen

1993

Perception & Psychophysics

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We investigated optic and somesthetic contributions to perceived body orientation in the pitch dimension. In a within-subject factorial design, each of 12 subjects attempted to set his/her body erect or 45°back from erect while restrained in a movable bed surrounded by an adjustable box. The box provided a visual environment consisting of either a grid pattern, two luminous lines, or complete darkness. Both the grid pattern and the luminous lines were effective at biasing settings of body position when the box was pitched; the pitched grid was more effective than the pitched lines. Although the pitch of the box influenced orientation to both goals, the effect was greater for the diagonal goal than for the erect goal. We present a model of postural orientation in the median plane that involves vestibular, somatosensory, and visual inputs.

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Section: Initial Bed Pitch and Box Pitchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual and somesthetic influences on postural orientation in the median plane

Nemire

Cohen

1993

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…A number of accidents or near accidents in the course of night landings has been described by Kraft (1978). All involved situations in which the approach path to the runway threshold was over unlighted terrain such as water or a canyon.…”

Section: Dark-field and Empty-field Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual accommodation as a cue for size

Meehan

Day²

1995

Ergonomics

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Accommodation micropsia is examined in the general context of ocular accommodation as a cue for object size. The nature and limits of accommodation micropsia and arguments dealing with the possible contribution of accommodation to the perception of size are reviewed. Literature on the anomalous myopias, the intermediate-resting hypothesis, and theories of ciliary muscle innervation is examined critically in so far as it bears on the accommodation-micropsia hypothesis. The anomalous myopias and evidence for the intermediate-resting hypothesis are well documented, but without a mechanism for proprioceptive feedback from the ciliary complex about the state of accommodation it can only be concluded that such feedback would have to be indirect, either via the reflex link with vergence, or possibly through the agency of efference-copy neurones.

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“…Hasbrook (28) Kraft (31) in 1978, assessed a series of accidents and found that they all occurred over dark terrain/water, all were operating under visual conditions (not using instruments), and all had no malfunctions with instruments (altimeters were operating). His conclusion was that a profoundly serious visual illusion was involved.…”

Section: Research Origins Of the "Black Hole" Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Spatial Disorientation: Re-Visiting the Black Hole Illusion

Gibb¹

2007

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewirg instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of informstion, including suggestions for reducing the burden, experienced by pilots. A BHI environment refers not to the landing runway but the environment surrounding the runway and the lack of ecological cues for a pilot to proceed visually. The problem is that pilots, despite the lack of visual cues, confidently proceed with a visual approach.The featureless landing environment may induce a pilot into feeling steep (above the correct glide path) and over-estimate their perceived angle of descent (PAD) to the runway.Consequently, a pilot may initiate an unnecessary and aggressive descent resulting in an approach angle far too shallow (below the correct glide path to landing) to guarantee obstacle clearance. This review addresses two questions. One, why do pilots over-estimate their PAD?And two, if visual SD is such a well-researched and documented phenomenon, why does visual SD still continue to contribute to aviation accidents today? Based on previous research, eight reasons are hypothesized as why a pilot over-estimates PAD. Also, a historical review of the BHI is presented as well as a discussion of past research and accident investigations that demonstrate inconsistencies regarding the state of the BHI.

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A Psychophysical Contribution to Air Safety: Simulator Studies of Visual Illusions in Night Visual Approaches

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Visual and somesthetic influences on postural orientation in the median plane

Visual and somesthetic influences on postural orientation in the median plane

Visual accommodation as a cue for size

Visual Spatial Disorientation: Re-Visiting the Black Hole Illusion

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