A qualitative evidence synthesis of employees’ views of workplace smoking reduction or cessation interventions

Carroll, Christopher; Rick, Jo; Leaviss, J; Fishwick, David; Booth, Andrew

doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1095

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…High nicotine dependence strongly predicted failure to quit smoking 15 or the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation programmes. 20 As an employee who feels ready and capable of changing his behaviour has needs and preferences that significantly differ from one who is not at that stage, 21 workplace smoking cessation interventions that employ only one method 22 do not generally have positive effects on the smoking cessation attempts of all employees. The current results showed that nicotine dependence is related to motivators for smoking cessation attempts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasons for smoking cessation attempts among Japanese male smokers vary by nicotine dependence level: a cross-sectional study after the 2010 tobacco tax increase

Tanihara

Momose

2015

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo examine the association between smoking cessation attempts during the previous 12 months, motivators to quit smoking and nicotine dependence levels among current male smokers after Japan's massive 2010 tobacco tax increase.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA self-reported questionnaire about smoking habits, nicotine dependence levels and factors identified as motivators to quit smoking was administered to 9378 employees working at a company located in Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan (as of 1 October 2011).ParticipantsA total of 2251 male current smokers 20–69 years old.Primary and secondary outcome measuresNicotine dependence level assessed by Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), smoking cessation attempts during the previous 12 months and motivators for smoking cessation.ResultsThe proportion of current smokers who had attempted to quit smoking within the previous 12 months was 40.6%. Nicotine dependence level of current smokers was negatively associated with cessation attempts during the previous 12 months. Motivators for smoking cessation differed by nicotine dependence levels. ‘The rise in cigarette prices since October 2010’ as a smoking cessation motivator increased significantly at the medium nicotine dependence level (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.90); however, this association was not statistically significant for individuals with high nicotine dependence (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.92). ‘Feeling unhealthy’ was significantly negatively associated for medium (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.65) and high (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.71) nicotine dependence levels. Trend associations assessed by assigning ordinal numbers to total FTCD score for those two motivators were statistically significant.ConclusionsThe efficacy of smoking cessation strategies can be improved by considering the target group's nicotine dependence level. For smokers with medium and high nicotine dependence levels, more effective strategies aimed at encouraging smoking cessation, such as policy interventions including increasing tobacco taxes, are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasons for smoking cessation attempts among Japanese male smokers vary by nicotine dependence level: a cross-sectional study after the 2010 tobacco tax increase

Tanihara

Momose

2015

BMJ Open

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“…Multiple effective workplace-based smoking cessation interventions are already available, such as group behavior theory, individual counselling, NTR provision, and comprehensive programs (12). According to a qualitative evidence synthesis on employees views on workplace smoking cessation interventions, workplace smoking cessation inventions should have multiple components in order to facilitate employees in various phases of the cessation process, since needs and preferences can vary considerably between workers (81). A study simulating the effect of a worksite smoking cessation program found that potential savings from reduced sickness absence by far exceeded the program costs (80).…”

Section: Interpretation Of Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Troelstra¹,

Coenen²,

Boot³

et al. 2019

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Smoking and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Troelstra SA, Coenen P, Boot CRL, Harting J, Kunst AE, van der Beek AJSmoking increased both the risk of sickness absence and the number of sickness absence days, regardless of gender, age, study location, and occupational class. This suggests that all employers and employees, irrespective of these characteristics, could equally benefit from smoking cessation, and therefore that all employee populations should equally be offered the opportunity to participate in smoking cessation interventions. Troelstra SA. Coenen P, Boot CRL, Harting J, Kunst AE, van der Beek AJ. Smoking and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(1):5-18. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3848Objectives Evidence on the effect of smoking on sickness absence could guide workplace smoking cessation interventions and encourage employers to promote smoking cessation among their employees. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize evidence on the association between smoking and sickness absence and determine whether there are differences in this association for study design, methodology, and sample characteristics. MethodsWe searched for studies that reported on smoking status and sickness absence, used empirical data, were published in a peer-reviewed journal in the last 25 years, and written in English. We conducted pooled analyses in which uni-and multivariate generalized linear regression models were applied. ResultsAfter screening 2551 unique records, 46 articles from 43 studies were included, of which 33 studies (with 1 240 723 participants) could be included in the pooled analyses. Smoking was associated with an 31% increase in risk of sickness absence compared to non-smoking (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-39). We did not find statistically significant different effect sizes for study location, gender, age, occupational class, study design, assessment of sickness absence, short-versus long-term sickness absence, and adjustment for relevant confounders. Furthermore, smoking was associated with 2.89 more sickness absence days per year compared to non-smoking (95% CI 2.08-3.70). ConclusionsWe found robust evidence showing that smoking increases both the risk and number of sickness absence days in working populations, regardless of study location, gender, age, and occupational class. Encouraging smoking cessation at the workplace could therefore be beneficial for employers and employees.

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“…A qualitative evidence synthesis of workplace smoking interventions concluded that workplace interventions should employ a range of different elements because different employees have different requirements. 83 Overall, the nine BCTs that formed the basis of the Walk to Work intervention during the feasibility study appeared acceptable to participants and were retained for the main trial. However, the term 'relapse prevention' had been challenged by some participants as being inappropriate for an intervention that promotes walking.…”

Section: Chapter 5 the Walk To Work Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A workplace-based intervention to increase levels of daily physical activity: the Travel to Work cluster RCT

et al. 2019

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Background There may be opportunities for working adults to accumulate recommended physical activity levels (≥ 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity in bouts of ≥ 10 minutes throughout the week) during the commute to work. Systematic reviews of interventions to increase active transport indicate that studies are predominantly of poor quality, rely on self-report and lack robust statistical analyses. Objectives To assess the effectiveness, cost and consequences of a behavioural intervention to increase walking during the commute to work. Design A multicentre, parallel-arm, cluster randomised controlled trial incorporating economic and process evaluations. Physical activity outcomes were measured using accelerometers and GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers at baseline and the 12-month follow-up. Setting Workplaces in seven urban areas in south-west England and south Wales. Participants Employees (n = 654) in 87 workplaces. Interventions Workplace-based Walk to Work promoters were trained to implement a 10-week intervention incorporating key behaviour change techniques. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was the daily number of minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Secondary outcomes included MVPA during the commute, overall levels of physical activity and modal shift (from private car to walking). Cost–consequences analysis included employer, employee and health service costs and consequences. Process outcomes included barriers to, and facilitators of, walking during the daily commute. Results There was no evidence of an intervention effect on MVPA at the 12-month follow-up [adjusted difference in means 0.3 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI) –5.3 to 5.9 minutes]. The intervention cost was on average, £181.97 per workplace and £24.19 per participating employee. In comparison with car users [mean 7.3 minutes, standard deviation (SD) 7.6 minutes], walkers (mean 34.3 minutes, SD 18.6 minutes) and public transport users (mean 25.7 minutes, SD 14.0 minutes) accrued substantially higher levels of daily MVPA during the commute. Participants who walked for ≥ 10 minutes during their commute were more likely to have a shorter commute distance (p < 0.001). No access to a car (p < 0.001) and absence of free workplace car parking (p < 0.01) were independently related to walking to work and using public transport. Higher quality-of-life scores were observed for the intervention group in a repeated-measures analysis (mean 0.018, 95% CI 0.000 to 0.036; scores anchored at 0 indicated ‘no capability’ and scores anchored at 1 indicated ‘full capability’). Conclusions Although this research showed that walking to work and using public transport are important contributors to physical activity levels in a working population, the behavioural intervention was insufficient to change travel behaviour. Broader contextual factors, such as length of journey, commuting options and availability of car parking, may influence the effectiveness of behavioural interventions to change travel behaviour. Further analyses of statistical and qualitative data could focus on physical activity and travel mode and the wider determinants of workplace travel behaviour. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN15009100. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 7, No. 11. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. Living Streets, a UK charity promoting everyday walking, provided funding for the intervention booklets and free pedometers for distribution to participants in the intervention group.

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A qualitative evidence synthesis of employees’ views of workplace smoking reduction or cessation interventions

Cited by 21 publications

References 43 publications

Reasons for smoking cessation attempts among Japanese male smokers vary by nicotine dependence level: a cross-sectional study after the 2010 tobacco tax increase

Reasons for smoking cessation attempts among Japanese male smokers vary by nicotine dependence level: a cross-sectional study after the 2010 tobacco tax increase

Smoking and sickness absence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A workplace-based intervention to increase levels of daily physical activity: the Travel to Work cluster RCT

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