“…Addressing this challenge can be relevant to studies that measure the representation of entities, values and issues in text. This challenge is relevant to studies that measure, for example, campaign negativity and media tonality in campaign reporting (Haselmayer & Jenny, 2017); the tone associated with different issue frames (Burscher, Vliegenthart, & De Vreese, 2016); media representation of political candidates by associating psychological traits with references to candidates (Bhatia, Goodwin, & Walasek, 2018); citizens' policy preferences by analyzing the sentiments of tweets (Ceron, Curini, Iacus, & Porro, 2014); gender bias in news coverage of political candidates (Fowler & Lawless, 2009); level of success in mediated diplomacy campaigns during international conflicts (Sheafer, Shenhav, Takens, & Van Atteveldt, 2014;Vinogradova & Denisova, 2018) and media stereotypes of social groups (Powell, 2011;Shahin, 2016). While the method we suggest is not necessarily bound to sentiment analysis, in this article we focus on the more common form of the association challenge, known as the sentiment-entity association.…”