A quantitative comparison of the electrical and photographic techniques of eye-movement recording.

Hoffman, Abbie; Wellman, Briana Lowe; Carmichael, Leonard

doi:10.1037/h0057307

Cited by 30 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Since 0.5 and 0.1 microfarad con-VOL. 25, 1939 PS YCHOLOG Y: LINDSLE Y AND HUNTER denser coupling values are interchangeable in our amplifiers by a simple switching arrangement, we have also used the shorter time constant values in other recordings not included in figure 1. In that case there was a quicker return of the recording line to the baseline after each eye movement than is the case in figure 1.)…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

A Note on Polarity Potentials from the Human Eye

Lindsley¹,

Hunter²

1939

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Because of the renewed interest in the polarity potentials of the human eye," 2, I it seems worth while to insert in the literature records of such potentials secured by simultaneous multiple recording from four pairs of electrodes. The records here published support very conclusively the view that such potential differences arise from the polarity of the eye (negative in the back of the bulbus and positive in the front) rather than from the admitted activity of the extra-ocular muscles in turning the bulbus and in maintaining the resulting fixations. The records reveal muscle action potentials; but the great swings in potential do not arise from such a source.Small chlorided silver hat-like electrodes with an inside diameter of 5 mm. and resting on felt brims were attached to the surface of the skin by means of collodion. Contact with the skin was maintained by means of electrode jelly which was injected through a small hole in the dome of the electrode hat. The electrodes were placed as closely as possible to the eyes but over the stationary bony margins of the orbits. Four electrodes were placed about the right eye on the nasal, temporal, infra-and supra-orbital (above eyebrow) margins. In addition, an electrode was attached to the temporal margin of the left eye. Potential changes were recorded simultaneously from four paired combinations of the five electrodes as follows: (1) right temporal-right nasal (horizontal leads); (2) right infra-orbital and right supra-orbital (vertical leads); (3) right temporal-left temporal (temporal leads); and (4) right supra-orbital and right nasal (oblique leads). The method of bi-polar recording with none of the leads directly grounded was used.Four independent amplifying channels and a Westinghouse, type PA, four element oscillograph made possible the simultaneous recording from four pairs of electrodes. The amplifiers were of the push-pull type throughout and were coupled with 2 microfarad condensers and 0.5 megohm grid resistors which provided a time constant of the order of one second. Direct current potentials of the type dealt with in this study show therefore only an initial surge of the recording line with each eye movement and then a gradual drift back to the baseline. The magnitude of the potential change between any two electrodes with each sudden eye movement is represented by the initial deflection. (If one is interested in recording rapid eye movements as relatively discrete phenomena, it is perhaps better to use an amplifier with a shorter time constant. Since 0.5 and 0.1 microfarad con-180

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confidence: 83%

A Note on Polarity Potentials from the Human Eye

Lindsley¹,

Hunter²

1939

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Thus, horizontal eye-movements produced very little output voltage, but the vertical movement, occurring with each blink, produced a small 'square wave' voltage, which, being differentiated by the short time constant coupling in the amplifier, gave the biphasic record mentioned. It is clear that this unidirectional voltage, of about too ^-volt, occurring with each blink is due to the small upward movement of the eye, redistributing the corneo-retinal potential in the surrounding tissues, and not to action potentials in the orbicularis oculi (3,4). In fact, action potentials in the facial muscles gave rise to considerable interference with the record, for example, on frowning or lifting the eyebrows; but the amount of each record lost by this means was very small.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rate of blinking during prolonged visual search.

Carpenter¹

1948

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Hoffman, Wellman, and Carmichael (1939) compared EOG against direct photographic recording of eye movements. They requested Ss to make 10 consecutive back and forth movements between designated stimuli separated by approximately 1.8, 3.75, 7.5 and 11.5' of visual angle.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of First-Eye-Movement Detection Methods

et al. 1971

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The first eye movement from a point of fixation was detected by direct observation of the eye, by electro-oculograph (EOG), and by corneal reflection apparatus. Essential agceernent was obtained among the measures.Only with movements less than 5" were there serious numbers of discrepancies in detection against the criterion of photo-recorder corneal reflection measurement. A horizontal movement was detected more reliably than a vertical movement. The EOG was most likely to miss detection of a vertical movement. The efficiency of the measures with regard to movement detection and monitoring choice-looking-behavior were discussed.

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A quantitative comparison of the electrical and photographic techniques of eye-movement recording.

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

A Note on Polarity Potentials from the Human Eye

A Note on Polarity Potentials from the Human Eye

The rate of blinking during prolonged visual search.

Comparison of First-Eye-Movement Detection Methods

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