A Quantitative Study of Ganglion Cells in the German Shepherd Dog Retina

González‐Soriano, Juncal; Rodríguez‐Veiga, Elisia; Martı́nez-Sainz, P; Mayayo-Vicente, S; Marı́n-Garcı́a, P.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.1995.tb00010.x

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Table ). They are close to the density reported for the cat (Hughes, ), whereas the more closely related dog and wolf tend to have markedly higher peak RGC densities, even though numbers are highly variable between dog breeds and even individuals of the same breed (Gonzalez‐Soriano et al, ; McGreevy et al, ; Peichl, ). In conjunction with the eye size and hence RMF, the peak RGC density can be used to obtain an estimate of an animal's visual acuity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…RGC topographies have been quantified in several carnivores (see Section 4). Among the Canidae, the wolf has a pronounced visual streak and a high RGC peak density in the area centralis (Peichl, 1992b); in the domesticated dogs, pronounced visual streaks may be present or absent, and RGC peak densities vary considerably (Gonzalez-Soriano, Rodriguez-Veiga, Martinez-Sainz, Mayayo-Vicente, & Marin-Garcia, 1995;Hebel, 1976;McGreevy, Grassia, Alison, & Harman, 2004;Peichl, 1992b). For the red fox and Arctic fox, only qualitative maps of RGC densities have been published (Peichl, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinal photoreceptor and ganglion cell types and topographies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox(Vulpes lagopus)

Malkemper

Peichl

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the carnivore with the widest distribution in the world. Not much is known about the visual system of these predominantly forest-dwelling animals. The closely related Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) lives in more open tundra habitats. In search for corresponding adaptations, we examined the photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), using opsin immunohistochemistry, lucifer yellow injections and Nissl staining. Both species possess a majority of middle-to-longwave-sensitive (M/L) and a minority of shortwave-sensitive (S) cones, indicating dichromatic color vision. Area centralis peak cone densities are 22,600/mm in the red fox and 44,800/mm in the Arctic fox. Both have a centro-peripheral density decrease of M/L cones, and a dorsoventrally increasing density of S cones. Rod densities and rod/cone ratios are higher in the red fox than the Arctic fox. Both species possess the carnivore-typical alpha and beta RGCs. The RGC topography shows a centro-peripheral density gradient with a distinct area centralis (mean peak density 7,900 RGCs/mm in the red fox and 10,000 RGCs/mm in the Arctic fox), a prominent visual streak of higher RGC densities in the Arctic fox, and a moderate visual streak in the red fox. Visual acuity and estimated sound localization ability were nearly identical between both species. In summary, the red fox retina shows adaptations to nocturnal activity in a forest habitat, while the Arctic fox retina is better adapted to higher light levels in the open tundra.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal photoreceptor and ganglion cell types and topographies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox(Vulpes lagopus)

Malkemper

Peichl

2018

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…Retinal ganglion cells of the vertebrate retina are classified according to either morphology, physiology, or soma size, with their proportion varying between retinal region and animal species 2 –5 . 9 –21 The region of highest RGC density, smallest RGC dendritic fields, and greatest visual acuity in afoveate animals is the area centralis 5 . 14 –17 ( Tables 1–3) The area centralis in dogs is a horizontally oriented band of densely packed RGC (‘the visual streak’) located in the central retina immediately dorsal and temporal to the optic disc 5 .…”

Section: Intraocular Optic Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

“… 14 –17 ( Tables 1–3) The area centralis in dogs is a horizontally oriented band of densely packed RGC (‘the visual streak’) located in the central retina immediately dorsal and temporal to the optic disc 5 . 14 , 15 , 21 The perifoveal region or macula has the highest RGC density in primates 4 . 22 The lowest concentration of RGC in humans and dogs is found in the peripheral retina 4 .…”

Section: Intraocular Optic Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve morphology

Brooks

Komàromy

Källberg

1999

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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The optic nerve is divided in four regions: intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. The vertebrate retinal ganglion cells are classified by morphology, physiology and soma size. Species differences and similarities occur with retinal ganglion cells. Alpha retinal ganglion cells have large somata, large dendritic fields, large-diameter axons, and are most dense in the peripheral retina. Beta retinal ganglion cells have smaller diameter somata, smaller dendritic fields, small diameter axons, and predominate in the central retina. Gamma retinal ganglion cells are a heterogenous class of cells and have small diameter axons, and slow axon conduction velocities. The spatial distribution and organization of the retinal ganglion cells extends retinotopically through the nerve fiber layer, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness decreases from the optic disk toward the periphery of the retina. The retrobulbar optic nerve axon counts and axon density vary by species, with larger nerves having higher axon counts. Decussation of the optic nerve axons at the optic chiasm varies with 100% decussation in most birds and fish, 65% in cats, 75% in dogs, 80-90% in large animals, and 50% in primates. Centrifugal axons also occur in the optic nerve and may represent a method by which the brain can influence retinal activity.

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Topography of ganglion cells and photoreceptors in the sheep retina

Shinozaki

Hosaka

Imagawa

et al. 2010

J of Comparative Neurology

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Retinal topographies of some cell types and distribution of the tapetum lucidum in the sheep's eye were investigated in this study. The tapetum was observed macroscopically in the fundus. The topographical distributions of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), cones, and rods were simultaneously analyzed in retinal whole mounts stained with cresyl violet. Short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones were immunocytochemically identified in retinal whole mounts. The tapetum was located dorsal to the optic disc, with the nasal part elongated horizontally and the temporal part expanded dorsally. RGCs were distributed densely in the area centralis, horizontal visual streak, and anakatabatic area. The highest density in the area centralis was approximately 18,000 RGCs/mm(2). Cones showed high density in the horizontal area crossing the optic disc and dorsotemporal area, whereas rods showed high density in the horizontal area, which was greater in height than the horizontal area of high cone density. S cones showed high density in the dorsotemporal retina. The rod/cone ratios were high horizontally in the dorsal retina to the optic disc, with a mean value of 11:1. The cone/RGC and rod/RGC ratios were lower in the horizontal and dorsotemporal retina, and the rod/cone/RGC ratio was lowest in the area centralis (9:1:1). The retinal topographies and distribution of the tapetum were specialized in the horizontal and dorsotemporal fundus. This suggests that sheep have better visual acuity in horizontal and anteroinferior visual fields and that this specialization is related to the visual ecology of sheep.

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A Quantitative Study of Ganglion Cells in the German Shepherd Dog Retina

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Retinal photoreceptor and ganglion cell types and topographies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox(Vulpes lagopus)

Retinal photoreceptor and ganglion cell types and topographies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox(Vulpes lagopus)

Comparative retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve morphology

Topography of ganglion cells and photoreceptors in the sheep retina

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