A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments

Picallo, Imanol; Klaina, Hicham; López-Iturri, Peio; Aguirre, Erik; Celaya-Echarri, Mikel; Azpilicueta, Leyre; Eguizábal, Alejandro; Falcone, Francisco; Alejos, Ana Vázquez

doi:10.3390/s19214606

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, the deployment of WSNs in applications focused in vegetation monitoring is challenging, considering inherent restrictions in terms of energy source availability, form factor and limited computational capacity [5]. In this sense, one of the main difficulties is to insure a reliable connection between nodes, especially in dense vegetation environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Discrete scatters such as randomly distributed leaves, twigs, branches and tree trunks can cause attenuation, scattering, diffraction and absorption of the radiated waves. This severely constrains the design of wireless communication systems in inhomogeneous vegetation environments, given by the effect of foliage or multipath dispersion, among others [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation of an Interactive Environment With Multilevel Wireless Links for Distributed Botanical Garden in University Campus

et al. 2020

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In this contribution, an end to end system to enable user interaction with a distributed botanical university campus garden is designed, implemented and tested. The proposed system employs different wireless links to collect data related to different bio physiological parameters of both the vegetation mass and the surrounding environment. Detailed analysis of these multilevel communication links is performed by using deterministic volumetric wireless channel estimation and considering underground, near ground and over ground radio propagation conditions. An in-house developed technique enables accurate wireless channel characterization for complete campus scenario considering the multiple link types and all its composing elements. Node definition and network topology is thus obtained by wireless channel analysis of over ground, near ground and underground communication for both 868 MHz and 2.4 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks in an inhomogeneous vegetation environment. Connectivity to enable user interaction as well as for telemetry and tele-control purposes within the campus is achieved by combining ZigBee and LoRaWAN transceivers with the corresponding sensor/actuator platforms. Coverage studies have been performed in order to assess communication capabilities in the set of multiple underground/near ground/over ground links, by means of deterministic channel analysis for the complete university campus location. Measurement results in lab environment as well as full system deployment are presented, showing good agreement with deterministic simulations. Moreover, system level tests have been performed over a physical campus cloud, providing adequate quality of experience metrics. The proposed solution is a scalable system that provides real time trees status monitoring by a cloud-based platform, enabling user interaction within a distributed botanical garden environment in the university campus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of an Interactive Environment With Multilevel Wireless Links for Distributed Botanical Garden in University Campus

et al. 2020

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“…The multipath propagation of radio waves between the transceivers of the WSN nodes [ 7 , 27 ] is degraded due to propagation loss [ 13 ]. The incident electromagnetic field is attenuated by diffraction, scattering, reflection of the intricate complex of stems, branches, leaf twigs, and fruits, all randomly oriented [ 28 , 29 ], that block the line of sight (LOS) [ 13 ] in a greenhouse, consequently generating a signal power loss.…”

Section: State Of the Art And Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study, we modeled radio wave propagation from the received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a measurement obtained through the received power of the wireless signals at different transmission distances and different antenna heights inside a tomato greenhouse [ 11 ]. This serves to establish the maximum effective distance between nodes and to predict the number of sensors needed to cover the deployment of WSN in a crop area [ 7 ].…”

Section: State Of the Art And Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Model of Radio Wave Propagation in the Presence of Vegetation inside Greenhouses Using Regularized Regressions

Cama-Pinto

Damas

Holgado-Terriza

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Spain is Europe’s leading exporter of tomatoes harvested in greenhouses. The production of tomatoes should be kept and increased, supported by precision agriculture to meet food and commercial demand. The wireless sensor network (WSN) has demonstrated to be a tool to provide farmers with useful information on the state of their plantations due to its practical deployment. However, in order to measure its deployment within a crop, it is necessary to know the communication coverage of the nodes that make up the network. The multipath propagation of radio waves between the transceivers of the WSN nodes inside a greenhouse is degraded and attenuated by the intricate complex of stems, branches, leaf twigs, and fruits, all randomly oriented, that block the line of sight, consequently generating a signal power loss as the distance increases. Although the COST235 (European Cooperation in Science and Technology - COST), ITU-R (International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunication Sector), FITU-R (Fitted ITU-R), and Weisbberger models provide an explanation of the radio wave propagation in the presence of vegetation in the 2.4 GHz ICM band, some significant discrepancies were found when they are applied to field tests with tomato greenhouses. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for determining an empirical model of radio wave attenuation for vegetation in the 2.4 GHz band, which includes the vegetation height as a parameter in addition to the distance between transceivers of WNS nodes. The empirical attenuation model was obtained applying regularized regressions with a multiparametric equation using experimental signal RSSI measurements achieved by our own RSSI measurement system for our field tests in four plantations. The evaluation parameters gave 0.948 for R2, 0.946 for R2 Adj considering 5th grade polynomial (20 parameters), and 0.942 for R2, and 0.940 for R2 Adj when a reduction of parameters was applied using the cross validation (15 parameters). These results verify the rationality and reliability of the empirical model. Finally, the model was validated considering experimental data from other plantations, reaching similar results to our proposed model.

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“…Theoretical formulations explaining propagation behaviors in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) measurements, which depend on various attenuation parameters, are very complicated to understand [10,[18][19][20][21][22]. For this purpose, models based on empirical formulation generated from the measurement results at different frequencies are quite common.…”

Section: Fundamentals Of Foliage Path Loss Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new path loss model based on the volumetric occupancy rate for the pine forests at 5G frequency band

Genç

2020

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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In this paper, a new empirical path loss model based on frequency, distance, and volumetric occupancy rate is generated at the 3.5 and 4.2 GHz in the scope of 5G frequency bands. This study aims to determine the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate on path loss depending on the foliage density of the trees in the pine forest area. Using 4.2 GHz and the effect of the volumetric occupancy rate contributes to the literature in terms of novelty. Both the reference measurements to generate a model and verification measurements to verify the proposed models are conducted in three different regions of the forest area with double ridged horn antennas. These regions of the artificial forest area consist of regularly sorted and identical pine trees. Root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared values are calculated to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. For 3.5 and 4.2 GHz, while the RMSEs are 3.983 and 3.883, the values of R-squared are 0.967 and 0.963, respectively. Additionally, the results are compared with four path loss models which are commonly used in the forest area. The proposed one has the best performance among the other models with values 3.98 and 3.88 dB for 3.5 and 4.2 GHz.

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A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Implementation of an Interactive Environment With Multilevel Wireless Links for Distributed Botanical Garden in University Campus

Implementation of an Interactive Environment With Multilevel Wireless Links for Distributed Botanical Garden in University Campus

Empirical Model of Radio Wave Propagation in the Presence of Vegetation inside Greenhouses Using Regularized Regressions

A new path loss model based on the volumetric occupancy rate for the pine forests at 5G frequency band

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