A radiographic study of skeletal growth and development in the pig. Temporal pattern of growth

Wenham, Gordon J.; Fowler, V. R.; McDonald, I.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600057142

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Comparison can be made between the ages of appearance of ossification centres for sheep foetuses and the equivalent observations for pig foetuses reported by Wenham, McDonald & Elsley (1969) and the continuation into the post-natal period (Wenham, Fowler & McDonald, 1973). In terms of number of days from conception, almost all of the 38 centres which could be compared, appeared later in the sheep than in pigs, but this is a misleading comparison because of the difference in gestation lengths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes

Wenham¹

1977

J. Agric. Sci.

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A radiographic study was made of the skeletons of 216 Suffolk x (Finnish Landrace x Polled Dorset Horn) sheep foetuses of known gestational age within the range 50-145 days. They comprised 10 singles, 42 twins, 105 triplets, 44 quadruplets and 15 quintuplets.The ages at which the primary and secondary centres of ossification first appeared are presented together with a description of the normal pattern of skeletal development. Attention is drawn to the variations which are found from one foetus to another. The main anatomical features of ovine foetal bone development are illustrated by line drawings and charts.By anatomical grouping the number of ossification centres was reduced to 80, including 40 primary and 40 secondary centres. Scores were obtained for each foetus by taking the numbers of primary and secondary centres that were present as percentages of the possible totals. The primary score was linearly related to foetal age up to about 100 days, and the secondary score was linearly related to foetal age beyond about 100 days. The relationships to foetal weight were similar but less close.A radiographic study of skeletal growth and development in the pig. Temporal pattern of growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes

Wenham¹

1977

J. Agric. Sci.

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“…There are no available longitudinal data (measurements on the same foetuses at different ages) to provide a test of the continuity of the growth process for individual foetuses. A study of skeletal development in pig foetuses (Wenham, McDonald & Elsley, 1969) led to the same conclusion, that foetal bone growth is a smoothly evolving process, and it was later shown that the pig data could be satisfactorily described by Gompertz equations (Wenham, Fowler & McDonald, 1973).…”

Section: The Relationships Of Linear Dimensions To Foetal Age and Thmentioning

confidence: 85%

Studies on reproduction in prolific ewes. 3. The development in size and shape of the foetal skeleton

McDonald¹,

Wenham²,

Robinson³

1977

J. Agric. Sci.

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Measurements of 21 bone lengths and breadths were made on radiographs of 215 foetuses of known gestational ages ranging from 50 to 145 days obtained from 80 Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn ewes. Number of foetuses per ewe varied from 1 to 5, but the main statistical analyses were based on the 22 sets of twins, 34 of triplets and 11 of quadruplets. Equations were fitted to relate each of the linear measurements to foetal weight alone, to foetal age alone, to foetal age together with number of foetuses, and to foetal age together with foetal weight. It was found that there were significant differences between the twins, triplets, and quadruplets in the lengths their bones attained at any specified weight or at any specified age but not when both weight and age were fixed. The relationships to weight and age jointly were significantly closer than to either of them alone even after allowing for number of foetuses. The mathematical model that fitted best was a modified Gompertz equation of the form where y was the measured length, w was the number of days prior to expected parturition, w was foetal weight, w u was an estimate of the expected foetal weight at time u, and P, Q, R and D were fitted constants.This equation was used to provide estimates of the bone lengths, their absolute growth rates, and their specific (percentage) growth rates, giving a detailed picture not only of increase in size but also of the changes in shape of the skeleton arising from the differences in specific growth rates. Attention was focused on the superior descriptive power and the improved fit of the Gompertz equation as compared with the allometric relationship to foetal weight. As lambs from the larger litters tend to be lighter at birth the finding that their conformation is related to age from conception and weight rather than to their weight alone is relevant when viability at birth is under consideration.influenced by the increased litter sizes which are characteristic of high production systems. In commercial sheep-production systems the Until recently studies on the growth of the skeleperinatal viability of lambs from litter sizes ton of sheep foetuses have been restricted to greater than one is closely related to birth weight extremely detailed observations on relatively few (Hight & Jury, 1969). Birth weight in turn is the singleton and twin foetuses. The most notable net result of complex changes in the growth of the contribution was that of Wallace (1948), who individual tissues and organs in utero. Of these the presented one set of results based on the skeletal skeletal component is intimately related to the weights of five singleton and ten twin foetuses attainment of functional competence both at birth with gestational ages of 56, 84, 112 or 140 days and during early post-natal life. It is important and a second set based on two singleton and 20 twin therefore to acquire an understanding of the foetuses aged either 91 or 144 days. In a later growth patterns of the individual bones of the study, Joubert (1956) gave an analy...

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“…We did not observe mineralization of the patella in advanced fetuses of either CP or WLP. Most placental mammals have a mineralized patella a few weeks after the birth, such as the pig (Wenham et al, 1973) and the rabbit (Bland & Ashhurst, 1997), or even after months, such as human and great apes (Smith et al, 2020). However, few mammals' species show a mineralized patella at the end of gestation, such as the lowland paca (Silva et al, 2020) and the goat (Parmar et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%