A radiographic study of urine flow in the domestic fowl

Akester, A. R.; Anderson, R. S.; Hill, K. J.; Osbaldiston, G. W.

doi:10.1080/00071666708415670

Cited by 119 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This is in agreement with other studies where this disease was induced by horizontal transmission (Hu & McDougald, 2003;Hess et al, 2006;Liebhart & Hess, 2009) although small differences in first day of death and mortality were noted probably due to differences in histomonas strain (McDougald, 2005a). Horizontal transmission likely occurs via the cloacal route (Hu et al, 2004) as retrograde transport of cloacal fluids to the caecum is fast (Akester et al, 1967), while oral inoculation with lumen stages of the parasite, probably due to the acidity of the gizzard, often fails to result in disease (Farmer & Stephenson, 1949;Horton-Smith & Long, 1956;Lund, 1956). The non-vector-mediated transmission is supported by the survival of H. meleagridis for up to 9 hours in non-chlorinated water or faecal matter (Lotfi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Quantification of parasite shedding and horizontal transmission parameters inHistomonas meleagridis-infected turkeys determined by real-time quantitative PCR

et al. 2015

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To gain more insight into the within flock transmission of Histomonas meleagridis, the shedding of parasites was quantified by a newly developed real-time quantitative (q)PCR and the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) and the mean number of secondary infections per infectious bird per day in a susceptible population (β) of H. meleagridis in the absence of heterakis were assessed. Forty turkeys were divided into two groups of 10 and 30 birds at 14 days of age. Birds of the first group were inoculated with 200,000 histomonads each, the second group served as a susceptible contact group. Cloacal swabs were taken at −1, 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 18 and 21 days post inoculation (p.i.) to assess the shedding of the parasite by the qPCR (detection limit 330 histomonads/ml droppings). The experiment ended at 28 days p.i. Mortality was 100% in the inoculated birds and started at day 12 p.i., while in the contacts, it was 83% and started at 16 days p.i. Shedding started 1 day after the inoculation in both groups. The mean shedding levels (and 95% CI) expressed as parasite equivalents per gram cloacal content on a log 10 scale in the inoculated, contact birds that died and contact birds alive were 2.0 (1.6-2.4), 1.6 (1.4-1.9) and 1.2 (0.5-2.0), respectively. Birds that died shed histomonas more often and were infectious for 13.4 days; in contrast, those that recovered were infectious for 5.7 days. R 0 was estimated to be 8.4 and β 0.70. Simulations made with the parameters obtained were in agreement with the experimental results, confirming their validity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Quantification of parasite shedding and horizontal transmission parameters inHistomonas meleagridis-infected turkeys determined by real-time quantitative PCR

et al. 2015

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“…Radiographic studies in the chicken (Akester, Anderson, Hill & Osbaldiston, 1967) and quail (Fenna & Boag, 1974) suggest that antiperistaltic movements of the large intestine occurring at the same time as peristaltic movements of the ileum create a high pressure zone at the ileocaecolic junction thus forcing material into the caecae. The results of the present study indicate that such material could be transported to the distal caecum by the sequential removal of circular muscle inhibition along the length of the caecum (antiperistalsis).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peristalsis and Antiperistalsis in the Chicken Caecum Are Myogenic

Hodgkiss

1984

Exp Physiol

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SUMMARYPeristalsis in the chicken caecum was investigated by recording the responses of isolated segments of the caecum to either fluid distension using a modified Trendelenburg apparatus or by monitoring circular muscle activity following localized radial distension of adjacent areas.Raising the intraluminal pressure did not initiate peristalsis except in the presence of tetrodotoxin, local anaesthetics and high concentrations of phentolamine. The effect of these drugs was reversible. Localized distension generally produced either a small relaxation of the circular muscle or no response at all on both sides of the site of distension. After exposure to tetrodotoxin one, or more (usually several), rhythmic propogating contractions were initiated at the point of distension. These results suggest that intrinsic inhibitory neurones are present in the caecum and may be triggered by distention. The possible role of these inhibitory neurones in the emptying and filling of the caecae is considered.

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“…Abbreviations: cL -crypt of Lieberkuhn; cv -corium of villus; ev -epithelium of villus; lm -longitudinal muscle of muscularis externa; p -pit; s -serosa; others as in Plate 1. the Emu has been previously described by Johnson & Skadhauge (1975) who suggest that its large surface area may aid in the conservation of water from ureteral urine. In other birds the rectum may serve in storage of digesta prior to its excretion, assist in the retrograde movement of urine towards the caeca (Akester et al 1967;Fenna & Boag 1974b), and participate in the postrenal modification of urine (Skadhauge 1973).…”

Section: Platementioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy and Histology of the Gut of the Emu Dromaius Novaehollandiae

Herd

1985

Emu - Austral Ornithology

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A radiographic study of urine flow in the domestic fowl

Cited by 119 publications

References 5 publications

Quantification of parasite shedding and horizontal transmission parameters inHistomonas meleagridis-infected turkeys determined by real-time quantitative PCR

Quantification of parasite shedding and horizontal transmission parameters inHistomonas meleagridis-infected turkeys determined by real-time quantitative PCR

Peristalsis and Antiperistalsis in the Chicken Caecum Are Myogenic

Anatomy and Histology of the Gut of the Emu Dromaius Novaehollandiae

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