A Randomized Clinical Trial of Progressive Addition Lenses versus Single Vision Lenses on the Progression of Myopia in Children

Gwiazda, Jane; Hyman, Leslie; Hussein, Mohamed Toufic El; Everett, Donald F.; Norton, Thomas T.; Kurtz, D; Leske, M. Cristina; Manny, Ruth E.; Marsh‐Tootle, Wendy; Scheiman, Mitchell

doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0816

Cited by 507 publications

(525 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…36 In studies of myopia progression it is apparent that the primary growth response is increasing axial length, [37][38][39] even when the onset occurs in adults. 40 In later life, refractive changes appear to primarily reflect changes in the optical power of the lens rather than axial length.…”

Section: Development Of Refraction Up To Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors

Flitcroft

2014

Eye

146

124

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The distribution of human refractive errors displays features that are not commonly seen in other biological variables. Compared with the more typical Gaussian distribution, adult refraction within a population typically has a negative skew and increased kurtosis (ie is leptokurtotic). This distribution arises from two apparently conflicting tendencies, first, the existence of a mechanism to control eye growth during infancy so as to bring refraction towards emmetropia/low hyperopia (ie emmetropisation) and second, the tendency of many human populations to develop myopia during later childhood and into adulthood. The distribution of refraction therefore changes significantly with age. Analysis of the processes involved in shaping refractive development allows for the creation of a life course model of refractive development. Monte Carlo simulations based on such a model can recreate the variation of refractive distributions seen from birth to adulthood and the impact of increasing myopia prevalence on refractive error distributions in Asia.

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Section: Development Of Refraction Up To Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors

Flitcroft

2014

Eye

146

124

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“…Although an initial trial found PALs to slow the progress of myopia significantly in comparison with single-vision spectacles, 53 a large, prospective, multicentre trial conducted in the United States (COMET study) found that the difference in terms of dioptric values between eyes wearing PALs and single-vision spectacles was too small to be of any clinical significance. 54 Other studies found similar results with a small difference between PAL and conventional lenses. [55][56][57] Similarly, a more recent trial involving high-risk groups that is, children with high accommodative lags and near-point esophoria also failed to produce any significant benefits.…”

Section: Undercorrectionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

Sankaridurg¹,

Holden²

2013

Eye

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For many individuals, the developmental trend of lessening hyperopia from birth continues past emmetropia towards myopia during childhood. The global pattern for prevalence of refractive errors indicates that the prevalence of hyperopia is low; in contrast, the burden of myopia is on the rise because of rising prevalence and magnitude of myopia. This review highlights the need to lessen the global burden of myopia by intervening with the development and/or slowing the progression of myopia. Further, outcomes from human clinical trials of pharmaceutical, optical, and environmental approaches to control myopia will be summarised. Pharmaceutical treatments are effective in controlling eye growth but are associated with deleterious side effects. Optical strategies that induce myopic defocus at the retina such as peripheral defocus reducing lenses, simultaneous defocus lenses, bifocals, and orthokeratology as well as environmental influences such as increased outdoor activity show promise and provide a substantially risk-free environment in which to control eye growth.

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“…More recently, these have included treatment with antimuscarinic agents such as atropine eyedrops (Chua, Balakrishnan et al 2006) and optical devices including multifocal spectacle lenses (Gwiazda, Hyman et al 2003), dual-focus contact lenses (Anstice and Phillips 2011) and orthokeratology (Kakita, Hiraoka et al 2011). However, none of these approaches entirely arrests myopia progression in the long term and the vast majority of myopia is managed by optical correction alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%