A randomized, controlled exposure study in adult smokers of full flavor Marlboro cigarettes switching to Marlboro Lights or Marlboro Ultra Lights cigarettes

Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarettes Exhibit Similar Levels of Biomarkers of Smoke Exposure

“…To the extent that cigarette design features may affect smoke chemistry or smoking behaviors such as the individual smoker's puffing topography (inhalation depth and volume, percent of cigarette consumed, and frequency of puffing), different cigarettes may result in quantitatively or qualitatively different smoke constituent exposures, and potentially different risks for disease (9,37).…”

“…It has long been appreciated that smoke yield determinations by standardized mechanical smoking machine methods cannot account for the diversity of smoking behaviors manifested by individual smokers (44)(45)(46). However, chemical analysis of smoke constituents certainly has some value as a starting point in the comparative exposure assessment of different cigarettes (4,9), at a minimum as a qualitative approach to identifying the smoke constituents likely to contribute most significantly to disease risks.…”

“…Whereas additional refinement and validation of such methods for this application are indicated, analyses of novel or existing smoke constituent biomarkers may also permit the evaluation of modified cigarette products that may have reduced risks to continuing smokers who are unwilling to quit (4)(5)(6). Cigarette smoke exposure biomarkers have also been applied to the task of comparing relative exposures that result from different types of commercial cigarettes designed to produce different smoke ''tar'' yields when assessed by standardized, validated mechanical smoking methods (7)(8)(9).…”

Intra- and inter-individual variability in urinary nicotine excretion and plasma cotinine in adult cigarette smokers

“…Participants were recruited through advertising and written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to entering the study. Details about the conduct of several studies can be found in the literature (Frost-Pineda et al, 2008a, 2008bMendes et al, 2008;Roethig et al, 2005Roethig et al, , 2007Roethig et al, , 2008Sarkar et al, 2008).…”

“…It has been reported that 24 h urinary excretion of NE accounts for an average of about 80-90% of the systemic nicotine intake from smoking or from a nicotine patch (Benowitz et al, 1994;Feng et al, 2007;St Charles et al, 2006). Nicotine equivalents has been widely used as a biomarker for exposure to tobacco and cigarette smoke (Frost-Pineda et al, 2008a, 2008bMendes et al, 2008;Roethig et al, 2005Roethig et al, , 2007Roethig et al, , 2008Roethig et al, , 2009Sarkar et al, 2008;Shepperd et al, 2009;St Charles et al, 2006;Stratton et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2011). Cotinine, the major proximate metabolite of nicotine, measured in blood, saliva or urine (Jarvis et al, 1988), has also been widely used as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco (Benowitz, 1996;Benowitz et al, 1994Benowitz et al, , 2009Mendes et al, 2008;Nagano et al, 2010;Pérez-Stable et al, 1995;Roethig et al, 2007Roethig et al, , 2009).…”