A randomized controlled trial comparing EMDR and CBT for obsessive–compulsive disorder

Marsden, Zoe; Lovell, Karina; Blore, David; Ali, Shehzad; Delgadillo, Jaime

doi:10.1002/cpp.2120

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy was introduced in 1987 as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). EMDR therapy is not only an evidence-based treatment of PTSD ( Bisson and Andrew, 2007 ; Watts et al, 2013 ; World Health Organization [WHO], 2013 ; Schulz et al, 2015 ), but is also a potentially effective treatment for various other mental disorders as affective disorders ( Landin-Romero et al, 2013 ; Hofmann et al, 2014 ; Novo et al, 2014 ; Hase et al, 2015 ), chronic pain ( Schneider et al, 2005 ; Wilensky, 2006 ; de Roos et al, 2010 ; Gerhardt et al, 2016 ), addiction ( Hase et al, 2008 ; Abel and O’Brien, 2010 ), or obsessive compulsive disorders ( Marsden et al, 2017 ). Functional imaging studies enable us to understand the working mechanisms of EMDR therapy to a great extent ( Pagani et al, 2012 ; Lee and Cuijpers, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The AIP Model of EMDR Therapy and Pathogenic Memories

et al. 2017

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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been widely recognized as an efficacious treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the last years more insight has been gained regarding the efficacy of EMDR therapy in a broad field of mental disorders beyond PTSD. The cornerstone of EMDR therapy is its unique model of pathogenesis and change: the adaptive information processing (AIP) model. The AIP model developed by F. Shapiro has found support and differentiation in recent studies on the importance of memories in the pathogenesis of a range of mental disorders beside PTSD. However, theoretical publications or research on the application of the AIP model are still rare. The increasing acceptance of ideas that relate the origin of many mental disorders to the formation and consolidation of implicit dysfunctional memory lead to formation of the theory of pathogenic memories. Within the theory of pathogenic memories these implicit dysfunctional memories are considered to form basis of a variety of mental disorders. The theory of pathogenic memories seems compatible to the AIP model of EMDR therapy, which offers strategies to effectively access and transmute these memories leading to amelioration or resolution of symptoms. Merging the AIP model with the theory of pathogenic memories may initiate research. In consequence, patients suffering from such memory-based disorders may be earlier diagnosed and treated more effectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The AIP Model of EMDR Therapy and Pathogenic Memories

et al. 2017

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“…Notably, previous research concerning the comparison between EMDR and CBT demonstrates similar outcome with no significant differences in the treatment of PTSD (Van Etten and Taylor, 1998;Seidler and Wagner, 2006;de Roos et al, 2011;Ho and Lee, 2012;Santarnecchi et al, 2019), panic (Faretta, 2013), and obsessive compulsive disorder (Marsden et al, 2018). Based on the AIP-model, EMDR may promote plasticity of the brain causing adjustment of neural networks and the development of new adaptive networks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Bimodal Therapy for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial of EMDR and TRT Versus CBT and TRT

Luyten

Jacquemin

Looveren³

et al. 2020

Front. Psychol.

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Introduction: To date, guidelines recommend the use of a stepped care approach to treat tinnitus. The current clinical management of tinnitus frequently consists of audiologic interventions and tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Due to the high heterogeneity of the tinnitus population and comorbidity of tinnitus with insomnia, anxiety, and depression, these interventions may not be sufficient for every patient. The current study aims to determine whether a bimodal therapy for chronic, subjective tinnitus consisting of the combination of TRT and eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) results in a clinically significant different efficacy in comparison with the prevailing bimodal TRT and CBT therapy. Methods: Patients were randomized in two treatment groups. The experimental group received the bimodal therapy TRT/EMDR and the active control group received the bimodal therapy TRT/CBT. Evaluations took place at baseline (T 0), at the end of the treatment (T 1), and 3 months after therapy (T 2). The tinnitus functional index (TFI) was used as primary outcome measurement. Secondary outcome measurements were the visual analog scale of tinnitus loudness (VAS Loudness), tinnitus questionnaire (TQ), hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), hyperacusis questionnaire (HQ), global perceived effect (GPE), and psychoacoustic measurements. Findings: The TFI showed clinically significant improvement in both bimodal therapies (mean decrease 15.1 in TRT/CBT; p < 0.001 vs. 16.2 in TRT/EMDR; p < 0.001). The total score on the TQ, HADS, HQ, and VAS Loudness all demonstrated significant decrease after treatment and follow-up (p < 0.001) in the experimental and the active control group. GPE-measurements revealed that more than 80% (i.e., 84% in TRT/CBT vs. 80% in TRT/EMDR) of the patients experienced substantial improvement of tinnitus at follow up. Treatment outcome remained stable after 3 month follow-up and no adverse events were observed.

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“…Several CBT patients reported finding exposure anxiety‐provoking and daunting, whereas no such fear‐related reports were found in EMDR cases. Interestingly, in prior to quantitative analyses, no evidence was found of increased anxiety at the early phases of CBT by comparison to EMDR (Marsden et al., ). This may suggest that CBT patients’ reported difficulties with anxiety are more to do with their anticipated feared consequences of exposure (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nazari, Momeni, Jariani and Mohammad () conducted a randomised controlled trial demonstrating that EMDR was more effective than citalopram in alleviating symptoms of OCD after 12 weeks of treatment, although longer‐term outcomes were not assessed. In another study, CBT and EMDR treatment models were compared experimentally in a clinical trial involving patients with a diagnosis of OCD (Marsden, Lovell, Blore, Ali & Delgadillo, ). No significant differences in OCD symptoms were found between groups post‐treatment or at six months of follow‐up.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patients' experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatments for obsessive‐compulsive disorder

Marsden

Teahan

Lovell

et al. 2018

Couns and Psychother Res

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Introduction Obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) is usually treated with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based on exposure and response prevention principles; although eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has also been proposed as a potentially helpful treatment. Aim To investigate patients’ experiences of the process and outcome of CBT and EMDR. Method We conducted in‐depth qualitative interviews with 24 (EMDR = 14; CBT = 10) patients who participated in a randomised controlled trial. Interviews were conducted after the end of therapy, transcribed verbatim and interpreted using thematic analysis. Results Three superordinate themes were identified, including (1) common experiences and specific experiences of (2) CBT and (3) EMDR. Common experiences of therapy included difficulties in disclosing OCD problems; perceptions about therapists as approachable and nonjudgemental; sudden symptomatic improvements; difficulties in engaging with treatment; general satisfaction with therapy; and viewing OCD as a long‐term condition. Some differences between these interventions were also found in patients’ understanding of the treatment rationale, their experiences and difficulties with specific treatment procedures. Conclusions Common process factors were especially prominent in patients’ accounts, although it is possible that these interact with more specific change mechanisms such as desensitisation.

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A randomized controlled trial comparing EMDR and CBT for obsessive–compulsive disorder

Abstract: EMDR and CBT had comparable completion rates and clinical outcomes.

Cited by 38 publications

References 45 publications

The AIP Model of EMDR Therapy and Pathogenic Memories

The AIP Model of EMDR Therapy and Pathogenic Memories

Bimodal Therapy for Chronic Subjective Tinnitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial of EMDR and TRT Versus CBT and TRT

Patients' experiences of cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing as treatments for obsessive‐compulsive disorder

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