Peptideâbased cancer vaccines are able to induce strong immune responses, but their clinical results are unsatisfactory. To determine clinically correlated peptides, we analyzed survival data from urological cancer patients treated by personalized peptide vaccination (PPV), in which different multiple peptides were used for individual patients based on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type and preâexisting immunity. Survival data were obtained from a database of 265 urological cancer patients treated in 5 clinical PPV trials comprising 154 patients with castrationâresistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and 111 patients with advanced urothelial cancer (UC). Expression of tumorâassociated antigens (TAA) was evaluated in 10 prostate cancer tissues, 4 metastatic lymph nodes from prostate cancer, and 10 UC tissues using immunohistochemical staining. Clinical efficacy of individual peptides for overall survival was evaluated by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. All TAA coding candidate peptides used in PPV treatment were expressed in tumor cells from prostate cancer and UC samples except for p56Lck in both, and prostateâspecific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostateâspecific membrane antigen (PSMA) in the UC samples. Patients with the following peptides had a significantly longer survival than patients without the peptides (hazard ratio <1.0, 95% confidence intervals <1.0 and PÂ <Â .05): SART3â109, PTHrPâ102, HNPRLâ140, SART3â302 and Lckâ90 in CRPC patients, and EGFâRâ800, Lckâ486, PSMAâ624, CypBâ129 and SART3â734 in advanced UC patients, respectively. Correlated peptides selected using both survival data and preâexisting immunity for PPV treatment may enhance the clinical benefits for urological cancer patients.