A Randomized Study of Four Cards Designed to Prevent Problems During College Students' 21st Birthday Celebrations

Smith, Bradley H.; Bogle, Kristin E.; Talbott, Laura L.; Gant, Rick; Castillo, Helen

doi:10.15288/jsa.2006.67.607

Cited by 28 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…With an average of 10.7 drinks, rates of 21st birthday drinking in the current study were greater than those reported in most studies, 7.42 (SD = 6.62) drinks (Neighbors et al, 2006), 8.73 (SD = 6.41) drinks (Neighbors et al, 2005), approximately 9.35 (SD = 7.53) drinks (Hembroff et al, 2007), and 6.16 (SD = 7.2) drinks (Smith et al, 2006), but were lower than those reported by Rutledge and colleagues (2008;M = 12.87, SD = 8.37). Differences may relate to recruitment strategies, response rates, goals of the study, or regional variability in birthday practices.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

“…The current study benefited from a higher response rate from individuals who were invited to participate (72%) relative to most other 21st birthday studies (39% and 61% for Smith et al, 2006;11%, Neighbors et al, 2006;68%, Rutledge et al, 2008). Furthermore, celebration drinking was assessed within 4 days (on average) of the birthday celebration compared with highly retrospective data of previous studies (e.g., M = 164 days, SD = 104; Rutledge et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although available studies have focused primarily on programs to prevent heavy drinking (Hembroff et al, 2007;Neighbors et al, 2005Neighbors et al, , 2006Smith et al, 2006), they provide consistent descriptions of excessive alcohol consumption during 21st birthday celebrations. Approximately 85% of celebrants consume alcohol and drink to dangerous levels, with average blood alcohol concentrations of 0.17% (Neighbors et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticipated Versus Actual Alcohol Consumption During 21st Birthday Celebrations

Brister¹,

Wetherill²,

Fromme³

2010

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective: The 21st birthday celebration is often associated with excessive alcohol consumption. The current study examined whether individuals consume more alcohol than anticipated during their celebration and whether situational factors contribute to prediction errors. Method: College students (N = 150; 50% female) who planned to drink during their 21st birthday celebration were contacted by telephone 1 week before their celebrations and asked about their birthday plans, including anticipated alcohol consumption. The week after the celebration, in-person semi-structured interviews and self-report measures were administered to obtain information about the 21st birthday celebration, including type and amount of alcohol consumed, pace of drinking, infl uential peer involvement, and engagement in 21st birthday traditions. Results: The majority of 21st birthday celebrants consumed more alcohol than they anticipated, with men showing greater prediction error than women. Situational factors were positively associated with the discrepancy between anticipated and actual alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Drinking shots, drinking at a fast pace, celebrating with infl uential peers, and engaging in 21st birthday traditions were associated with drinking more alcohol than anticipated during 21st birthday celebrations. Findings suggest future interventions that target situational factors could reduce excessive 21st birthday drinking. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 71, 180-183, 2010)

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticipated Versus Actual Alcohol Consumption During 21st Birthday Celebrations

Brister¹,

Wetherill²,

Fromme³

2010

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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“…Moreover, students who had more accurate perceptions consumed fewer drinks and reached lower eBACs. This may suggest that to some extent individuals' perceptions of the 21st birthday drinking norm is a reflection of their own drinking behavior on their 21st birthday.Coupled with previous research Smith et al, 2006), the present findings indicate that 21st birthday-specific interventions may need to include more than a birthday card to reduce problematic drinking for such a traditional drinking event. These findings indicate that although event-specific prevention utilizing personalized normative information is effective at reducing normative perceptions, changing these perceptions may not be sufficient to change 21st birthday drinking behavior, and development and evaluation of more comprehensive approaches is warranted .…”

supporting

confidence: 79%

“…A number of published intervention efforts targeting 21st birthday drinking to date have been at least partly inspired by the Be Responsible About Drinking (BRAD) Foundation (McCue, Greenamyer, Atkin, & Martell, 2006;Neighbors et al, 2005 to drink responsibly have been disseminated to students on over 100 campuses (Smith et al, 2006). Efforts to evaluate the efficacy of these and other birthday cards promoting safe drinking on 21st birthday celebrations have been equivocal, and it is not clear that birthday cards alone are sufficient to reduce alcohol consumption (McCue et al, 2006;Neighbors et al, 2005;Neighbors, Spieker, Oster-Aaland, Lewis, & Bergstrom, 2006;Smith et al, 2006). Recent evidence suggests that birthday cards can reduce drinking among those who read and remember the content of the cards (Hembroff et al, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

21st birthday celebratory drinking: Evaluation of a personalized normative feedback card intervention.

Lewis¹,

Neighbors²,

Lee³

et al. 2008

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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This research was designed to evaluate a personalized normative feedback birthday card intervention aimed at reducing normative perceptions, alcohol consumption, and negative consequences associated with 21st birthday celebrations among college students (N = 281; 59.15% women). Students were randomly assigned to receive or not receive a birthday card about 1 week prior to their 21st birthday. Approximately 1 week following their birthday, students were asked to complete a brief survey concerning their birthday celebration activities. Findings indicated that the birthday card intervention was not successful at reducing drinking or consequences; however, the card did reduce normative misperceptions. Additional findings indicated that many students experienced negative consequences, such as passing out or driving after consuming alcohol. Combined, these findings suggest that prevention is needed for drinking associated with turning 21. However, prevention efforts should consist of more than a birthday card. Keywords 21st birthday; alcohol; alcohol-related problems; social norms; personalized normative feedback Heavy drinking among college students has been associated with a wide range of consequences (Hingson, Heeren, Winter, & Wechsler, 2005;Hingson, Heeren, Zakocs, Kopstein, & Wechsler, 2002; Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2004). Recently, investigators have begun to document a number of specific events where drinking appears to be elevated . Events being evaluated include holidays (e.g., Thanksgiving, New Year's), spring break, and sporting events (Del Boca, Darkes, Greenbaum, & Goldman, 2004;Greenbaum, Del Boca, Darkes, Wang, & Goldman, 2005;Lee, Maggs, & Rankin, 2006;, as well as 21st birthday celebrations (Hembroff, Atkin, Martell, McCue, & Greenamyer, 2007;Neighbors, Spieker, Oster-Aaland, Lewis, & Bergstrom, 2005;Smith, Bogle, Talbott, Gant, & Castillo, 2006 NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscriptto evaluate the efficacy of a personalized normative feedback (PNF) 21st birthday card in reducing normative misperceptions, drinking, and related consequences. In addition, the present research was designed to extend previous examinations of extreme drinking associated with 21st birthday celebrations by exploring drinking context (e.g., at a bar) and alcohol-related consequences in connection with this milestone event.For the purpose of this research, PNF refers to an approach in which individuals are provided with information that explicitly presents feedback regarding report of one's own drinking, one's perception of the drinking norm, and the actual drinking norm Lewis, Neighbors, Oster-Aaland, Kirkeby, & Larimer, 2007;Neighbors, Larimer, & Lewis, 2004;Neighbors, Lewis, Bergstrom, & Larimer, 2006). The birthday card used in the present research provided feedback on one's perception of the 21st birthday drinking norm, as well as the actual 21st birthday drinking norm for the typical student. However, it should be noted that, as the intervention aimed to pre...

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Magnitude and Prevention of College Alcohol and Drug Misuse: US College Students Aged 18–24

Hingson

White

2010

Mental Health Care in the College Community

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A Randomized Study of Four Cards Designed to Prevent Problems During College Students' 21st Birthday Celebrations

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Anticipated Versus Actual Alcohol Consumption During 21st Birthday Celebrations

Anticipated Versus Actual Alcohol Consumption During 21st Birthday Celebrations

21st birthday celebratory drinking: Evaluation of a personalized normative feedback card intervention.

Magnitude and Prevention of College Alcohol and Drug Misuse: US College Students Aged 18–24

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