A Rare Case of Severe Liver Injury Related to Whey Protein Supplementation

Waintraub, Daniel J.; Serouya, Sam; Madrigal, Emilio; Benias, Petros C.; Min, Albert D.; Carr‐Locke, David L.

doi:10.14309/00000434-201610001-01981

Cited by 1 publication

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“…To the best of our knowledge, serious adverse outcomes have only been described in males and only in case reports. These adverse outcomes included renal dysfunction [ 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 ], increased lower leg compartment syndrome [ 104 , 116 ], rhabdomyolysis [ 116 , 117 , 118 ], ischaemic stroke [ 119 ], haemorrhagic stroke [ 120 ], liver injury [ 121 , 122 ], atrial fibrillation [ 123 ], acute cholestatic liver injury [ 124 ] and toxic hepatitis [ 122 ]. These events are not replicated in placebo controlled clinical trials [ 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Females Taking Oral Creatine Monohydrate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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Creatine Monohydrate (CrM) is a dietary supplement routinely used as an ergogenic aid for sport and training, and as a potential therapeutic aid to augment different disease processes. Despite its increased use in recent years, studies reporting potential adverse outcomes of CrM have been mostly derived from male or mixed sex populations. A systematic search was conducted, which included female participants on CrM, where adverse outcomes were reported, with meta-analysis performed where appropriate. Six hundred and fifty-six studies were identified where creatine supplementation was the primary intervention; fifty-eight were female only studies (9%). Twenty-nine studies monitored for adverse outcomes, with 951 participants. There were no deaths or serious adverse outcomes reported. There were no significant differences in total adverse events, (risk ratio (RR) 1.24 (95% CI 0.51, 2.98)), gastrointestinal events, (RR 1.09 (95% CI 0.53, 2.24)), or weight gain, (mean difference (MD) 1.24 kg pre-intervention, (95% CI −0.34, 2.82)) to 1.37 kg post-intervention (95% CI −0.50, 3.23)), in CrM supplemented females, when stratified by dosing regimen and subject to meta-analysis. No statistically significant difference was reported in measures of renal or hepatic function. In conclusion, mortality and serious adverse events are not associated with CrM supplementation in females. Nor does the use of creatine supplementation increase the risk of total adverse outcomes, weight gain or renal and hepatic complications in females. However, all future studies of creatine supplementation in females should consider surveillance and comprehensive reporting of adverse outcomes to better inform participants and health professionals involved in future trials.

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