A rat model of full thickness thermal injury characterized by thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, pronociceptive peptide release and tramadol analgesia

Fowler, Marcie; Clifford, John L.; Garza, Thomas H.; Slater, Terry M.; Arizpe, H. M.; Novak, Joseph D.; Petz, Lawrence N.; Loyd, Dayna R.

doi:10.1016/j.burns.2013.10.011

Cited by 30 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Iodine was applied and lidocaine was administered subcutaneously. A customized copper soldering stamp (2 × 1 cm), connected to a temperature‐controlled soldering station, was heated to 100 °C and applied to the dorsolateral skin for 15 seconds to induce a full thickness thermal injury . It was ascertained that this region was easily accessible by the unilateral hindpaw for scratching.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present thermal injury model was based on previously reported models. 19,20 Under general anesthesia with isoflurane (4% isoflurane in 100% oxygen), a dorsolateral region, caudal to the shoulder, was shaved. Iodine was applied and lidocaine was administered subcutaneously.…”

Section: Full Thickness Thermal Injury Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up till now, there are only a few studies describing nerve reinnervation after burn wounds . Furthermore, the presence of itch after a burn wound in rats has never been investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up till now, there are only a few studies describing nerve reinnervation after burn wounds. 19,20 Furthermore, the presence of itch after a burn wound in rats has never been investigated. In addition, the development of new treatments with increased efficacy is seriously hampered by the lack of a reliable animal model for postburn itch.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nerve reinnervation and itch behavior in a rat burn wound model

Saffari¹,

Schüttenhelm²,

Neck³

et al. 2018

Wound Repair Regeneration

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In this study, we investigated whether postburn itch in rats, after a full thickness burn, is correlated to the nervous reinnervation of the burn wound area. For this purpose, we determined scratching duration (expressed as second/hour) at 24 hours, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postburn and combined this with immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) to identify all nerve fibers, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) to identify peptidergic fibers, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) for sympathetic fibers, and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) for regrowing fibers. We found a modest, but highly significant, increase in scratching duration of all burn wound rats from 3 to 12 weeks postburn (maximally 63 ± 9.5 second/hour compared to sham 3.1 ± 1.4 second/hour at 9 weeks). At 24 hours postburn, all nerve fibers had disappeared from the burn area. Around 4 weeks postburn PGP 9.5- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers returned to control levels. TH- and GAP-43-IR nerve fibers, which we found to be almost completely colocalized, did not regrow. No correlation was found between scratching duration and nervous reinnervation of the skin. The present results suggest that in rat, like in human, burn wound healing will induce increased scratching, which is not correlated to the appearance of nervous reinnervation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Full Thickness Thermal Injury Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up till now, there are only a few studies describing nerve reinnervation after burn wounds . Furthermore, the presence of itch after a burn wound in rats has never been investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nerve reinnervation and itch behavior in a rat burn wound model

Saffari¹,

Schüttenhelm²,

Neck³

et al. 2018

Wound Repair Regeneration

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“…Morphine has been used since the 19 th century and is today one of the most widely used treatments for burn pain, neuropathic pain, and inflammatory pain in both animal models and in humans 45–4748,49 . A variety of other opioid-based options exist for the treatment of burn pain with varying degrees of potency and side effects.…”

Section: Current Treatments and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Neuropathy and Nerve Compression Syndromes in Burns

Strong

Agarwal

Cederna

et al. 2017

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

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Peripheral neuropathy and nerve compression syndromes lead to substantial morbidity following burn injury. Patients present with pain, paresthesias, or weakness along a specific nerve distribution or experience generalized peripheral neuropathy. The symptoms may manifest at various times from within one week of hospitalization to many months after wound closure. While current treatments require surgical release of entrapped or compressed nerves, additional studies are necessary to develop therapies for peripheral neuropathy when no detectable signs of nerve compression are present. Studies have shown that peripheral neuropathy may also be due to vascular occlusion of vasa nervorum, inflammation, neurotoxin production leading to apoptosis, and direct destruction of nerves from the burn injury. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain following burn injury is essential to the development of novel interventions. Early and effective treatment to minimize the long-term sequela of peripheral neuropathy and nerve compression syndromes will lead to improved outcomes. In this review, we discuss the natural history, diagnosis, current treatments, and future directions for potential interventions for peripheral neuropathy and nerve compression syndromes as they relate to burn injury.

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