A re-determination of the equal-loudness relations for pure tones

Robinson, D. W.; Dadson, R S

doi:10.1088/0508-3443/7/5/302

Cited by 370 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The method of constant stimuli was used for the measurement by Robinson and Dadson [2] while we used the randomized maximum likelihood sequential procedure [8,19]. Gabriel et al [21] and Takeshima et al [8] reported that PSE measured by the method of constant stimuli may be strongly affected by the level setting of variable stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ELCs over the whole range of audibility have been standardized as ISO 226 [1], which is based on the data provided by Robinson and Dadson [2]. In 1985, Fastl and Zwicker [3] reported that equalloudness levels of 70 phons at around 400 Hz specified in ISO 226 were inconsistent with those estimated by Zwicker's loudness calculation method specified in ISO 532B [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Takeshima

Suzuki

Ashihara

et al. 2002

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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IntroductionAn equal-loudness level contour (ELC) is defined as a curve that ties up the sound pressure levels having equal loudness as a function of frequency. ELCs over the whole range of audibility have been standardized as ISO 226 [1], which is based on the data provided by Robinson and Dadson [2]. In 1985, Fastl and Zwicker [3] reported that equalloudness levels of 70 phons at around 400 Hz specified in ISO 226 were inconsistent with those estimated by Zwicker's loudness calculation method specified in ISO 532B [4]. This report triggered works to re-determine the ELCs. The authors have been conducting a series of experiments to obtain ELCs for Japanese subjects [5][6][7][8]. Similar experiments have been conducted in Germany and in Denmark [9][10][11][12][13]. All these recent studies have consistently shown that equal-loudness levels at frequencies below 1 kHz are significantly higher than the corresponding contours specified in ISO 226.In the high frequency range, however, only few sets of data are available above 70 phons in recent data [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Equal-loudness levels of 90 phons were measured at frequency up to 4 kHz [8] and those of 80 phons were measured up to only 1 kHz [11,13]. Therefore, if new equalloudness contours were standardized based on such recent data, it would be quite difficult to standardize the new contours above 70 phons at frequencies above 1 kHz because of the lack of data above 1 kHz at 80 phons. Hence, equalloudness levels at 80 phons for frequencies from 1 kHz to 12.5 kHz as well as equal-loudness levels at 60 phons and thresholds of hearing for the same frequency range were measured in this study. Equal-loudness levels at 60 phons were measured because only one research group, Betke and Mellert [9], has reported data above 1 kHz.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Takeshima

Suzuki

Ashihara

et al. 2002

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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“…Many of the latter datasets had been used for deriving the normative threshold in the two ISO standards [1,2], so that the threshold distribution around the normative threshold was calculable and the consistency among international standards was maintained to the greatest extent possible. Consequently, 9 out of 15 research papers cited in these two standards [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] were used for the threshold distribution estimation.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

How large is the individual difference in hearing sensitivity?: Establishment of ISO 28961 on the statistical distribution of hearing thresholds of otologically normal young persons

Kurakata

Mizunami

Matsushita

2013

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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ISO 28961, which describes the statistical distribution of hearing thresholds of otologically normal young persons, was established in 2012. The thresholds are those for pure tones of frontal incidence under binaural listening conditions in a free field. Percentiles of the threshold distribution are calculable as a function of frequency from 20 Hz to 16,000 Hz. This international standard is based on the study results of the present authors, who estimated the form of individual distribution using threshold data in their experiments and those in literature adopted in ISO 226 and ISO 389-7. However, because the results were published separately in four journal papers, users of the standard may encounter difficulty in understanding the process of how the threshold data have been integrated and how the threshold distribution has been determined. Therefore, the authors summarize them in this review paper and present an outline of the threshold distribution estimation so that the standard will be understood correctly and used widely.

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“…The perceptual linear predictive (PLP) analysis is based on two perceptually and biologically motivated concepts, namely the critical bands, and the equal loudness curves [6,17]. Frequencies below 1 kHz need higher sound pressure levels than the reference, and sounds between 2 -5 kHz need less pressure, following the human perception.…”

Section: Relative Spectral Perceptual Linear Predictive Coding (Rastamentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Classifier Systems for the Classification of Audio-Visual Emotional States

Glodek

Tschechne

Layher

et al. 2011

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

103

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Abstract. Research activities in the field of human-computer interaction increasingly addressed the aspect of integrating some type of emotional intelligence. Human emotions are expressed through different modalities such as speech, facial expressions, hand or body gestures, and therefore the classification of human emotions should be considered as a multimodal pattern recognition problem. The aim of our paper is to investigate multiple classifier systems utilizing audio and visual features to classify human emotional states. For that a variety of features have been derived. From the audio signal the fundamental frequency, LPCand MFCC coefficients, and RASTA-PLP have been used. In addition to that two types of visual features have been computed, namely form and motion features of intermediate complexity. The numerical evaluation has been performed on the four emotional labels Arousal, Expectancy, Power, Valence as defined in the AVEC data set. As classifier architectures multiple classifier systems are applied, these have been proven to be accurate and robust against missing and noisy data.

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A re-determination of the equal-loudness relations for pure tones

Cited by 370 publications

References 8 publications

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

Equal-loudness contours between 1 kHz and 12.5 kHz for 60 and 80 phons.

How large is the individual difference in hearing sensitivity?: Establishment of ISO 28961 on the statistical distribution of hearing thresholds of otologically normal young persons

Multiple Classifier Systems for the Classification of Audio-Visual Emotional States

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