A Reaction Model for Prediction of Inclusion Evolution During Reoxidation of Ca-Treated Al-Killed Steels in Tundish

Ren, Ying; Zhang, Lifeng; Ling, Haitao; Wang, Yi; Pan, Dongteng; Ren, Qiang; Wang, Xincheng

doi:10.1007/s11663-017-0970-4

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The EERZ model was also employed to simulate the inclusion evolution behavior in tundish including reoxidation phenomena due to atmosphere or reducible oxide in tundish slag. Ren et al [99] predicted the inclusion composition in Ca-treated Al-killed steel in tundish (25 ton) by considering the reoxidation by the air at an initial teeming stage (cast start) and ladle (115 ton) change period based on several assumptions: (1) the compositions of steel and inclusions in each reaction zone are homogenous; (2) the steel/inclusion reaction is assumed to reach equilibrium; (3) the temperature can be maintained at a certain fixed temperature; (4) the removal of inclusions to the slag, the slag/steel reaction, and the influence of refractory are not considered; and (5) the effect of the dead zone on the steel/inclusion reaction is ignored. The schematic diagram of reaction zones in tundish and the comparison of the predicted and experimental results of inclusion compositions in Ca-treated Al-killed steels in zone D are shown in Figure 27.…”

Section: Kinetic Model For Inclusion Evolution In CC Tundish By Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

Park

Zhang

2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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The kinetic modeling for the nucleation, size growth, and compositional evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in steel was extensively reviewed in the present article. The nucleation and initial growth of inclusion in molten steel during deoxidation as well as the collision growth, motion, removal, and entrapment of inclusions in the molten steel in continuous casting (CC) tundish and strand were discussed. Moreover, the recent studies on the prediction of inclusion composition in CC semiproducts were introduced. Since the 1990s, the development of thermodynamic model and relevant databases for inclusion engineering has been initiated by the steel industry. Later, the commercial software FACTSAGE employing the FACT database was widely used to predict the gas (atmosphere/bubble)-liquid (steel/slag/inclusion)-solid (refractory/slag/steel/inclusion) multiphase equilibria. With the help of the comprehensive thermodynamic database and solution models in conjunction with the development of user-friendly computing packages, the kinetics of inclusion evolution in molten steel can be successfully predicted based on several kinetic models such as the coupled reaction (CR) model, reaction zone model, and tank series recirculation (TSR) model. However, some parameters are needed to represent the real processes according to the model employed at different operational or experimental conditions. The effect of reoxidation on the evolution of inclusions in the ladle and tundish, which was experimentally confirmed, can be simulated by the effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ) model. The complex slag-steel interfacial reaction phenomena have been successfully explained by the interfacial kinetic model based on the dynamic interfacial tension and oxygen adsorption/desorption characteristics at the slag-steel interface.

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Section: Kinetic Model For Inclusion Evolution In CC Tundish By Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

Park

Zhang

2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…In this model, the ladle furnace is divided into several tanks that are circulated using the stirring energy generated by an Ar flow. This model can predict compositional changes in molten steel, slag, and inclusions, such [16][17][18][19] developed a kinetic model based on FactSage macro processing to predict the formation of inclusions using Alkilled steel and Al-Ti-killed steel. The reactions between steel and inclusions were assumed to be equilibrated, and the reactions between bulk area and interface area in steel and slag were simulated by mass transfer.…”

Section: Evolution Of Mg-al-based Inclusions With Changes In Mg Contementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous models, the generation of spinel was simulated when the mole fraction of MgO and Al 2 O 3 in the spinel was halved and the activity in the spinel was fixed. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] However, in the proposed enhanced model, the activities of Al 2 O 3 , MgO, and spinel change with increasing MgO content in Mg-Al-based inclusions.…”

Section: Generation Of Mgal 2 O 4 and Mgo Inclusions Through Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Mg–Al-based Inclusions with Changes in Mg Content during Ladle Treatment Based on a Coupled Reaction Model

Kim

2020

ISIJ Int.

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In the steelmaking process, MgAl 2 O 4 spinel inclusions diminish steel qualities and cause nozzle clogging based on the high melting point and low deformation of MgAl 2 O 4. Typically, MgAl 2 O 4 spinel inclusions are generated from Al 2 O 3 inclusions with increasing MgO content, meaning ladle treatment does not represent an equilibrium state. However, complex reactions simultaneously occur between molten steel, slag, inclusions, refractory, and alloying elements during ladle treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a kinetic model to predict compositional changes in molten steel, slag, and the inclusions during ladle treatment. Such a kinetic model must be able to simulate the generation of MgAl 2 O 4 spinel inclusions from Al 2 O 3 to control such inclusions. Additionally, MgAl 2 O 4 spinel inclusions can evolve into MgO-rich inclusions with gradually increasing MgO content in Mg-Al-based inclusions. In this study, we developed an enhanced kinetic model based on a coupled reaction model with the compositional changes in Mg-Albased inclusions. We also investigated the influence of the CaO/SiO 2 ratio in slag on the generation of spinel inclusions under industrial conditions for a 210-ton steel sample.

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“…Inclusions and the cleanliness of steel play an important role in the fatigue property, especially in HCF and VHCF regimes. Vast studies have been carried out on the improvement of metallurgical process to increase the cleanliness of molten steel through the control and removal of nonmetallic inclusions, such as adjusting the composition of the refining slag [6][7][8][9], optimizing the charging during melting [10][11][12], and improving the physical design of the tundish [13][14][15], etc. Based on these studies, the metallurgical technique develops rapidly, and the cleanliness of steels keeps improving.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Analysis of Inclusion Engineering on the Fatigue Property Improvement of Bearing Steel

Wang

Bao

et al. 2019

Metals

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The fatigue property is significantly affected by the inner inclusions in steel. Due to the inhomogeneity of inclusion distribution in the micro-scale, it is not straightforward to quantify the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior. Various investigations have been performed to correlate the inclusion characteristics, such as inclusion fraction, size, and composition, with fatigue life. However, these studies are generally based on vast types of steels and even for a similar steel grade, the alloy concept and microstructure information can still be of non-negligible difference. For a quantitative analysis of the fatigue life improvement with respect to the inclusion engineering, a systematic and carefully designed study is still needed to explore the engineering dimensions of inclusions. Therefore, in this study, three types of bearing steels with inclusions of the same types, but different sizes and amounts, were produced with 50 kg hot state experiments. The following forging and heat treatment procedures were kept consistent to ensure that the only controlled variable is inclusion. The fatigue properties were compared and the inclusions that triggered the fatigue cracks were analyzed to deduce the critical sizes of inclusions in terms of fatigue failure. The results show that the critical sizes of different inclusion types vary in bearing steels. The critical size of the spinel is 8.5 μm and the critical size of the calcium aluminate is 13.5 μm under the fatigue stress of 1200 MPa. In addition, with the increase of the cleanliness of bearing steels, the improvement of fatigue properties will reach saturation. Under this condition, further increasing of the cleanliness of the bearing steel will not contribute to the improvement of fatigue property for the investigated alloy and process design.

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A Reaction Model for Prediction of Inclusion Evolution During Reoxidation of Ca-Treated Al-Killed Steels in Tundish

Cited by 25 publications

References 28 publications

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

Evolution of Mg–Al-based Inclusions with Changes in Mg Content during Ladle Treatment Based on a Coupled Reaction Model

Quantitative Analysis of Inclusion Engineering on the Fatigue Property Improvement of Bearing Steel

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