A reader's view of listening

Bradley, Dianne; Forster, Kenneth I.

doi:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90006-0

Cited by 64 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For instance, in the serial search model (Forster, 1976;Forster & Shen, 1996), either the participant has found the lexical entry or he or she has not, and then this model would not predict any sequential effects for word stimuli in the lexical system. Specifically, Bradley and Forster (1987;see also Forster, 1981) indicated that any frequency-blocking effect (and presumably any sequential effect) "is not attributable to faster access, but to a faster use of the products of access" (p. 128). Nonetheless, a number of computational models of visual word recognition have been proposed in the last years that explicitly include response criteria for making lexical decisions (e.g., dual-route cascaded, DRC, model, Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Ziegler, & Langdon, 2001; multiple read-out model, MROM, Grainger & Jacobs, 1996).…”

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Sequential effects in the lexical decision task: The role of the item frequency of the previous trial

Perea

Carreiras²

2003

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A

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Two lexical decision experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a specific, localized influence of the item frequency of consecutive trials (i.e., first-order sequential effects) when the trials are not related to each other. Both low-frequency words and nonwords were influenced by the frequency of the precursor word (Experiment 1). In contrast, high-frequency words showed little sensitivity to the frequency of the precursor word (Experiment 2), although they showed longer reaction times for word trials preceded by a nonword trial. The presence of sequential effects in the lexical decision task suggests that participants shift their response criteria on a trial-by-trial basis.In the lexical decision task, participants must decide as rapidly as possible whether a visually presented letter string is or is not a word. Although it is generally assumed that the lexical decision task directly taps the process of lexical access, lexical decision responses also appear to be influenced by a number of factors beyond lexical access (e.g

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Sequential effects in the lexical decision task: The role of the item frequency of the previous trial

Perea

Carreiras²

2003

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A

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“…First, it allows one to assess how much of a word is needed to be identified or "isolated" correctly. This is done by determining a word's isolation point, which is quite close to the word's uniqueness point when the word is heard out of context (Tyler & Wessels, 1983, 1985, and which corresponds quite closely to what Bradley and Forster (1987) mean when they say that a word has been "accessed." A second advantage of the paradigm is that one can examine the confidence ratings proposed by listeners at various points in time.…”

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The gender-marking effect in spoken word recognition

Grosjean

Dommergues

Cornu

et al. 1994

Perception & Psychophysics

118

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In this paper we examine whether the recognition of a spoken noun is affected by the gender marking-masculine or feminine-that is carried by a preceding word. In the first of two experiments, the gating paradigm was used to study the access of French nouns that were preceded by an appropriate gender marking, carried by an article, or preceded by no gender marking. In the second experiment, subjects were asked to make a lexical decision on the same material. A very strong facilitatory effect was found in both cases. The origin of the gender-marking effect is discussed, as well as the level of processing involved-lexical or syntactic.

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“…The effect was probably small: the amount of sensory evidence necessary for correct identification was only 10% less for words with the UP on the fourth phoneme than for those with the UP on the seventh or eighth phoneme. Anyway, evidence from the gating task bears only indirectly on the issue of on-line processing (Bradley & Forster, 1987).The other relevant studies were carried out with the lexical-decision task. One problem with this task is that a word can always become a non-word if extra sounds occur, so that cohort theory provides ambiguous predictions for the latency of word decisions.…”

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The effect of the uniqueness point in spoken-word recognition

1989

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Summary. The study examines the possibility of observing on-line recognition of spoken words through manipulations of the location of the uniqueness point (UP) in a gender-classification task. The subjects were presented with spoken French nouns and had to indicate by a key-press response whether each 'was feminine or masculine. RTs measured from word onset were significantly correlated with UP location, a finding that supports the notion of online processing. The effect of UP location is, however, smaller than that predicted by the original cohort theory (that recognition occurs exactly at the UP). On the other hand, it is stronger when words with respectively early and late UPs are presented in homogeneous blocks rather than in mixed order. It is proposed that the results can be accounted for by the notion of a sub-optimal lexical strategy in which some monitoring of the phonetic data continues past the UP.A notion that has exerted a great influence on current conceptions of speech perception is that the process of word recognition begins on line during reception of the acoustic evidence (Marslen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978;Cole & Jakimik, 1980;Frauenfelder & Tyler, 1987). As Cole and Rudnicky (1983) note, the notion was anticipated a century ago by Bagley (1900-1). Marslen-Wilson and Welsh (1978) gave the notion a strict application in their "cohort model" in which speech recognition was considered as a real-time process making optimal use of the information in the mental lexicon. For the case of isolated words, cohort theory assumed that full identification occurs as soon as the data processed since the beginning of the word are no longer compatible with more than one lexical candidate. The point at which the critical batch of information bringing the set of candidates (the "cohort") down to one is delivered is called the "uniqueness point" (UP). For pseudowords used in the lexical decision task, the critical statistic is the "deviation point" (DP), i.e., the point at which the data cease to be compatible with any item represented in the lexicon.The existing evidence from studies of the effects of either UP or DP location is somewhat contradictory.A strong effect of the location of the UP was reported by Marslen-Wilson (1980) in a phoneme-monitoring task using lists of disconnected spoken words. The original aim Offprint requests to: M. Radeau of the study was to find out whether the task was performed at the level of retrieved lexical representations. A regular decrease in monitoring time was observed, the further the target occurred in the word. The data were subsequently (Marslen-Wilson, 1987) reanalysed in relation to the distance between the target and the UP and a very high correlation was found. The slope, however, was not reported, making it difficult to estimate the size of the effect.Luce, Pisoni, and Manous (1984), using a "gating task" in which the subject is asked to identify a word on the basis of an early segment of varying size, obtained an effect of the location of the UP. The effect was probably s...

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A reader's view of listening

Cited by 64 publications

References 29 publications

Sequential effects in the lexical decision task: The role of the item frequency of the previous trial

Sequential effects in the lexical decision task: The role of the item frequency of the previous trial

The gender-marking effect in spoken word recognition

The effect of the uniqueness point in spoken-word recognition

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