Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is being integrated as an active element in 5G and beyond networks. Because of its flexibility and mobility, UAV base stations (UAV-BSs) can be deployed according to the ground user distributions and their quality of service (QoS) requirement. Although there has been quite some prior research on the UAV deployment, no work has studied this problem in a 3 dimensional (3D) setting and taken into account the UAV-BS capacity limit and the quality of service (QoS) requirements of ground users. Therefore, in this paper, we focus on the problem of deploying UAV-BSs to provide satisfactory wireless communication services, with the aim to maximize the total number of covered user equipment (UE) subject to user data rate requirements and UAV-BSs' capacity limit. First, we model the relationship between the air-to-ground (A2G) path loss (PL) and the location of UAV-BSs in both horizontal and vertical dimensions which has not been considered in previous works. Unlike the conventional UAV deployment problem formulation, the 3D deployment problem is decoupled into a 2D horizontal placement and altitude determination connected by path loss requirement and minimization. Then, we propose a novel genetic algorithm (GA) based 2D placement approach in which UAV-BSs are placed to have maximum coverage of the users with consideration of data rate distribution. Finally, numerical and simulation results show that the proposed approach has enabled a better coverage percentage comparing with other schemes.Index Terms-Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), wireless communications, broadcasting, user equipment (UE), air-to-ground (A2G), channel models, 3D deployment, genetic algorithm (GA).
I. INTRODUCTIONU NMANNED aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted communications have recently gained fast popularity as an effective solution to complement traditional stationary base stations. Unmanned aerial vehicle base stations (UAV-BSs) have the rapid-deployment and reconfiguration advantages compared to terrestrial ones [1]. The roadmap of telecommunication infrastructure provider [2] and 3GPP technical reports [3] have demonstrated promising field trials results of wireless connectivity to the UAVs, and discussed the future ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage both on the ground and in the sky. The fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communications and Internet-of-Things (IoT) application scenarios can X. Zhong, Y. Huo and X. Dong are with the