A real-time feedback scheduler for environmental energy harvesting

Abbas, Akli; Grolleau, Emmanuel; Loudini, Malik; Mehdi, Driss

doi:10.1109/icosc.2013.6750980

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Three real-time tasks can be categorized based on their delay tolerance: (1) Hard real-time tasks (HRT) cannot tolerate any delay (σ * = 0). If the system becomes overloaded in HRT, the schedulability test indicates insufficient resources exist by having dbf exceeds sbf at a given time interval t. Therefore, HRT should always be performed on the local embedded devices because of the negligible contact latency [18].…”

Section: System Model and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy-Efficient Periodic Resource Model for Bounded Delay-Tolerant Real-Time Systems

Elashri¹,

Azim²

2021

IEEE Access

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In the past few years, the energy consumption of real-time systems has become an essential topic of research, especially with the rise of the internet of things. In hard real-time systems, sensitivity to timing is the focal feature of system behaviors. Real-time systems must consider time constraints (mainly deadlines) to deliver the proper results. Therefore, typical real-time systems are inefficient in resource reservation, where resource supply is always higher than the workload demand and thus consumes more power than required. In firm and soft real-time systems, some deadline violations can be tolerated in a specific time interval. The worst-case execution time can be delayed to abound range. Therefore, instead of over-provisioning resources when considering the demand cannot be higher than supply, we propose a new algorithm that can efficiently estimate the resource reservation and reduce power consumption. The proposed algorithm is theoretically studied, and results show that while still satisfying the delay requirements of control systems, significant energy savings (up to 78.5%) could be achieved.

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Section: System Model and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Energy-Efficient Periodic Resource Model for Bounded Delay-Tolerant Real-Time Systems

Elashri¹,

Azim²

2021

IEEE Access

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“…Due to the power supply problem of the EHES system, the traditional battery-powered embedded system method cannot be used for EHES. Usually, researchers combine energy harvesting with traditional methods to form new methods [75,161,162]. Moreover, energy harvesting needs to consider how to stably and efficiently convert the collected energy [54,129,136,137].…”

Section: Challenge Of Energy Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Management for Energy Harvesting-Based Embedded Systems: A Systematic Mapping Study

Miao

2020

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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Energy management for energy harvesting-based embedded systems (EHES) is an emerging field, which aims to collect renewable energy from the environment to power an embedded system. In this work, we use the systematic mapping method to study the relevant literature, with the objective of exploring and analysing the state of the art in energy management for EHES, as well as to provide assistance for subsequent literature reviews. To this end, we conducted extensive searches to find articles related to energy harvesting, embedded systems, energy consumption, and energy management. We searched for papers from January 2005 to July 2019 from three mainstream databases, ACM, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science, and found more than 3000 papers about EHES. Finally, we selected 142 eligible papers. We have completed the system mapping research from five aspects, namely, (1) research type (validation research, evaluation research, solution proposal, philosophical paper, opinion, and experience), (2) research goals (application or theory), (3) application scenarios, (4) tools or methods, and (5) paper distribution, such as publication year and authors’ nationality. The results showed that the major research type of the EHES papers is validation research, accounting for 65%, which indicated research is still in the theoretical stage and many researchers focus on how to improve the efficiency of harvesting energy, develop a reasonable energy supply plan, and adapt EHES for real-world requirements. Furthermore, this work reviews the tools used for EHES. As the future development direction, it is indispensable to provide tools to EHES for research, testing, development, and so on. The results of our analysis provide significant contributions to understanding the existing knowledge and highlighting potential future research opportunities in the EHES field.

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“…Even for the timerandomised platform which has the best fit for pWCET techniques, there is a lack of trustworthiness of the provided results due to their strong dependence on the assumptions made in the measurement, particular hardware features, or a number of other aspects [48]. Moreover, if the target task's execution time varies a lot from one instance to another, which is highly possible due to the impact of unpredictable environment and high complexity of the system, using offline WCET estimates as a task's bandwidth budget can cause low resource usage [36,[49][50][51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Design That Incorporates Adaptive Reservation into Mixed-Criticality Systems

Guan

Peng

Perneel

et al. 2017

Scientific Programming

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This paper presents a design and implementation of a Mixed-Criticality System (MCS) extended fromμC/OS III. It is based on a MCS model that uses an adaptive reservation mechanism to cope with the uncertainties in task execution times and to increase the resource utilization in MCS. The implementation takes advantage of the tasks’ recent execution records to predict their required computational resource in the near future and adjusts their reserved budget according to their criticality levels. The designed system focuses on soft real-time tasks. An overrun tolerance algorithm is used to limit the deadline miss ratios between a rise to the task’s actual consumption and the change to the amount of reservation. More than two criticality levels can be handled without introducing obvious additional overhead at each added level. The case study evaluation demonstrates that the reserved resource for each task is always close to its actual consumption; the tasks’ deadline misses are bounded by the different requirements specified by the criticality levels; during overload conditions, high-criticality tasks are guaranteed to have sufficient resource reservation. Although there is still room for improvement if it comes to processing overhead, this research brings some inspirations in both modelling and implementation aspects of MCS.

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A real-time feedback scheduler for environmental energy harvesting

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

An Energy-Efficient Periodic Resource Model for Bounded Delay-Tolerant Real-Time Systems

An Energy-Efficient Periodic Resource Model for Bounded Delay-Tolerant Real-Time Systems

Energy Management for Energy Harvesting-Based Embedded Systems: A Systematic Mapping Study

A Design That Incorporates Adaptive Reservation into Mixed-Criticality Systems

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