A reality check and tutorial on electrochemical characterization of battery cell materials: How to choose the appropriate cell setup

Nölle, Roman; Beltrop, Kolja; Holtstiege, Florian; Kasnatscheew, Johannes; Placke, Tobias; Winter, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2019.07.002

Cited by 222 publications

(244 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…impact of the use of Li metal as anode. From experience of lab and commercial cell behavior, irreproducible, high and abnormal deviations in the specific charge capacities during cycling, particularly during C-rate tests, may be attributed to the Li metal negative electrode (in three electrode arrangement: Li as counter electrode) 36 . An indication is e.g.…”

Section: Results and Discussion Failure During Charge: Impact Of Peo mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All cells used in galvanostatic cycling tests were prepared in two electrode setup (coin cell) using the above mentioned positive electrodes as working electrode, PEO-LiTFSI as polymer membrane and lithium metal or graphite as negative electrode. Cells used for the determination of the oxidative stability were prepared in three-electrode setup using the above mentioned positive electrodes as working electrode, and lithium metal as counter and reference electrode 36 . Stated membrane thicknesses refer to the thickness before cell assembly at room temperature.…”

Section: Electrode Preparation and Cell Assembly Nmc 622 Electrodes mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-based Electrolyte for Solid-State-Lithium-Batteries with High Voltage Positive Electrodes: Evaluating the Role of Electrolyte Oxidation in Rapid Cell Failure

Homann

Stolz

Nair

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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206

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polyethylene oxide (peo)-based solid polymer electrolytes (Spes) typically reveal a sudden failure in Li metal cells particularly with high energy density/voltage positive electrodes, e.g. Lini 0.6 Mn 0.2 co 0.2 o 2 (NMC622), which is visible in an arbitrary, time-and voltage independent, "voltage noise" during charge. A relation with SPE oxidation was evaluated, for validity reasons on different active materials in potentiodynamic and galvanostatic experiments. the results indicate an exponential current increase and a potential plateau at 4.6 V vs. Li|Li + , respectively, demonstrating that the main oxidation onset of the SPE is above the used working potential of NMC622 being < 4.3 V vs. Li|Li +. obviously, the Spe│NMC622 interface is unlikely to be the primary source of the observed sudden failure indicated by the "voltage noise". Instead, our experiments indicate that the Li | SPE interface, and in particular, Li dendrite formation and penetration through the Spe membrane is the main source. this could be simply proven by increasing the Spe membrane thickness or by exchanging the Li metal negative electrode by graphite, which both revealed "voltage noise"-free operation. The effect of membrane thickness is also valid with Lifepo 4 electrodes. in summary, it is the cell setup (peo thickness, negative electrode), which is crucial for the voltage-noise associated failure, and counterintuitively not a high potential of the positive electrode.

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Section: Results and Discussion Failure During Charge: Impact Of Peo mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrode Preparation and Cell Assembly Nmc 622 Electrodes mentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-based Electrolyte for Solid-State-Lithium-Batteries with High Voltage Positive Electrodes: Evaluating the Role of Electrolyte Oxidation in Rapid Cell Failure

Homann

Stolz

Nair

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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206

200

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“…The SSLSBs were assembled by stacking the lithium metal anode, LCE, and S/PAN cathode in 2032‐coin cell setup in an argon‐filled glovebox 64. The galvanostatic cycling was performed on a MACCOR Series 4000 battery tester at 60 °C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Battery Enabled by Thio‐LiSICON/Polymer Composite Electrolyte and Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode

Frerichs

Kolek

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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105

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Solid‐state lithium–sulfur battery (SSLSB) is attractive due to its potential for providing high energy density. However, the cell chemistry of SSLSB still faces challenges such as sluggish electrochemical kinetics and prominent “chemomechanical” failure. Herein, a high‐performance SSLSB is demonstrated by using the thio‐LiSICON/polymer composite electrolyte in combination with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (S/PAN) cathode. Thio‐LiSICON/polymer composite electrolyte, which processes high ionic conductivity and wettability, is fabricated to enhance the interfacial contact and the performance of lithium metal anodes. S/PAN is utilized due to its unique electrochemical characteristics: electrochemical and structural studies combined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterizations reveal the charge/discharge mechanism of S/PAN, which is the radical‐mediated redox reaction within the sulfur grafted conjugated polymer framework. This characteristic of S/PAN can support alleviating the volume change in the cathode and maintaining fast redox kinetics. The assembled SSLSB full cell exhibits excellent rate performance with 1183 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 719 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, respectively, and can accomplish 50 cycles at 0.1 C with the capacity retention of 588 mAh g−1. The superior performance of the SSLSB cell rationalizes the construction concept and leads to considerations for the innovative design of SSLSB.

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“…The electrochemical characterization of the Li p ‐electrodes was carried out in 2‐electrode [ 32 ] coin cells (CR2032) using a battery tester Maccor Series 4000 (Maccor Inc.). For this, Cu||Li p and NMC||Li p cells with a separator stack including four layers of non‐woven poly(propylene) separators (Freudenberg, FS 2190) faced to the Cu‐foil and one layer of Celgard 2500 separator facing to the Li side were used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Galvanic Corrosion of Lithium‐Powder‐Based Electrodes

Kolesnikov

Kolek

Dohmann

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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127

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for anode materials to replace graphite [3] in lithium batteries. The application of thin lithium foils is considered to enable an increase in energy density by nearly a factor of 2 in case of solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs). [4] Besides LIB-derived cathode materials, lithium anodes are often considered for conversion-type cathodes enabling S 8 ||Li and O 2 ||Li batteries as well. [5] Nevertheless, lithium as anode material in rechargeable batteries has been extensively studied over four decades [6] and still no commercial application could be realized. [7] Major challenges concern the safety and uncontrolled lithium electrodeposition that often leads to the formation of high surface area lithium (HSAL), frequently called "dendrites." The high reactivity of pristine lithium and especially electrodeposited lithium leads to severe side reactions with electrolytes which result in the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). [8] This SEI, however, is fractured during consecutive lithium electrodeposition and electrodissolution resulting in an inhomogeneous interphase on the lithium surface. These inhomogeneities can cause uncontrolled lithium electrodeposition and the formation of HSAL deposits. [9] Such deposits can occur in needle-like ( = dendritic) morphology and puncture the separator. After growing to the cathode, an internal short-circuit may be caused which dramatically increases the risk of a thermal runaway. To overcome the described issues, various approaches were developed based on electrolyte and lithium anode interphase engineering, [10] minimizing volume changes by using stable hosts, [11] and preventing dendrite formation and propagation by the use of solid-state electrolytes. [12] The stability of materials in contact with its environment is a well-known research area for corrosion science. Corrosion, in general, is defined as the chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material and its environment that results in a deterioration of the material and its properties. [13] As energy storage and conversion systems imply materials in a thermodynamically non-equilibrium state, corrosion-related processes are highly relevant for such systems. Figure 1a presents an overview of possible corrosion-related phenomena in a battery cell. Herein, we only discuss corrosion phenomena which occur in the presence of an electrolyte.At the positive electrode side, dissolution of Al, [14] which is typically used as a positive electrode current collector, and the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) [15] formation are phenomena related to corrosion in a battery cell (Figure 1b-d). One of the two processes which leads to dissolution of Al is Lithium metal is considered to be the most promising anode for the next generation of batteries if the issues related to safety and low coulombic efficiency can be overcome. It is known that the initial morphology of the lithium metal anode has a great influence on the cycling characteristics of a lithium metal battery (LMB). Lithium-powder-based el...

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A reality check and tutorial on electrochemical characterization of battery cell materials: How to choose the appropriate cell setup

Cited by 222 publications

References 136 publications

Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-based Electrolyte for Solid-State-Lithium-Batteries with High Voltage Positive Electrodes: Evaluating the Role of Electrolyte Oxidation in Rapid Cell Failure

Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-based Electrolyte for Solid-State-Lithium-Batteries with High Voltage Positive Electrodes: Evaluating the Role of Electrolyte Oxidation in Rapid Cell Failure

Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Battery Enabled by Thio‐LiSICON/Polymer Composite Electrolyte and Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode

Galvanic Corrosion of Lithium‐Powder‐Based Electrodes

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