A reappraisal of the roles of past experience and innate organizing processes in visual perception.

Zuckerman, Carl B.; Rock, Irvin

doi:10.1037/h0041473

Cited by 56 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Such a mechanism is regarded as unnecessary and implausible in the present context as it has been found by others (e.g., Neisser, 1967, pp. 126-134;Zuckerman & Rock, 1957) in relation to perceptual defense, "semantic subception," and issues related to connotative meaning of words and experiential variables generally. On the other hand, referential and associative meaning should be highly relevant in memory tasks where the associative processes have time to operate, and this expectation has been strongly supported in the case of imaginal referential meaning in particular (Paivio, 1969).…”

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confidence: 99%

Visual recognition thresholds and dimensions of word meaning

Paivio

O'Neill

1970

Perception & Psychophysics

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Perceptual recognition thresholds for verbal stimuli may be affected by a number of stimulus attributes related to meaning. Familiarity. meaningfulness, and concreteness of words are among the dimensions that have been investigated, although the findings have been reliable only in the case of familiarity. Whether familiarity is defined experimentally or in terms of word frequency counts, familiar words have consistently been found easier to recognize than unfamiliar words (for summaries, see Dember, 1960, andNeisser, 1967). Meaningfulness as defined by production m (Noble, 1952) has been found to be unrelated to tachistoscopic thresholds in some studies (Taylor, 1958; Winnick & Kressel, 1965) whereas others have found m to be effective in visual recognition (Kristofferson, 1957) and in signal-to-noise auditory perception (Spreen, Borkowski, & Benton, 1967). Contrasting evidence in regard to word concreteness likewise indicates facilitative effects of concreteness on visual duration thresholds (Riegel & Riegel, 1961) and on auditory recognition (Spreen et al, 1967) on the one hand, and qo effect on visual thresholds on the other (Taylor, 1958; Winnick & Kressel, 1965).The position adopted in the present study was that familiarity alone should be related to recognition thresholds. This follows from a theoretical analysis of meaning in terms of representational, referential, and associative levels. The first of these refers to the availability of some form of memory representation corresponding to the physical stimulus. Such a representation presumably is a function of frequency of experience with a stimulus pattern, which determines the ease with which the pattern will arouse the stored symbolic representation, thereby affecting the probability of a correct recognition response. The second level, referential meaning, is most obviously interpreted in terms of the availability of a verbal label for a nonverbal stimulus. Such a definition would be relevant to studies concerned with the effect of verbal codability on perceptual recognition of nonverbal stimuli (e.g., Epstein, 1967), but it is not directly relevant in the present study. What is relevant here is the reverse relation, that is, the availability of a nonverbal representation, such as an image, as an associative reaction to the verbal label. Referential meaning in the latter sense can be defined in terms of the latency of image arousal or concreteness of the words (see Paivio, 1969). Associative meaning is a further level that can be defined partly in terms of the availability of other words as associative reactions to the stimulus. Production m obviously represents one possible operational definition of such meaning.According to the present view, only representational meaning should be related to recognition thresholds because only the availability of a symbolic representation that corresponds most directly to the stimulus itself should be relevant for its recognition. Referential and associative meaning refer to higher-order processes aroused by the ...

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confidence: 99%

Visual recognition thresholds and dimensions of word meaning

Paivio

O'Neill

1970

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…The superiority might not be resulted from the perceptual experience of individual characteristics of the exposed stimuli, but as asserted by Zuckerman and Rock (1957), from the development of more general abilities such as intelligence and emotion acquired in terms of experiences in the early environment as a whole. It might be, therefore, that the superiority observed in the first fact could well be explained from that point of view.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Previous Perceptual Experience of Specific Three-Dimensional Objects on Later Visual Discrimination Behavior in Rats

Kawachi

1965

Jpn. Psychol. Res

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“…In one of the few sections of Gestalt writings to focus on development, a 'primitive mentality' was attributed to the human infant (Koffka, 1959(Koffka, /1928Kö hler, 1947), implying that one's perceptual experience is never one of disorganized chaos, no matter what one's position in the lifespan. Gibson (1950) suggested that visual experience begins with 'embryonic meanings,' a position echoed by Zuckerman and Rock (1957), who argued that an organized world could not arise from experience in the form of memory for previously encountered scenes and objects, because experience cannot operate in an organized fashion over inherently disorganized inputs. Gibson (1950) suggested that visual experience begins with 'embryonic meanings,' a position echoed by Zuckerman and Rock (1957), who argued that an organized world could not arise from experience in the form of memory for previously encountered scenes and objects, because experience cannot operate in an organized fashion over inherently disorganized inputs.…”

Section: Gestalt Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Visual System

Johnson

2013

Neural Circuit Development and Function in the Brain

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A reappraisal of the roles of past experience and innate organizing processes in visual perception.

Cited by 56 publications

References 67 publications

Visual recognition thresholds and dimensions of word meaning

Visual recognition thresholds and dimensions of word meaning

Effect of Previous Perceptual Experience of Specific Three-Dimensional Objects on Later Visual Discrimination Behavior in Rats

Development of the Visual System

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