A reassessment of the molar volume of silicon and of the Avogadro constant

Bièvre, Paul De; Valkiers, S.; Kessel, R. L.; Taylor, Philip; Becker, Peter; Bettin, H.; Peuto, A.; Pettorruso, S.; Fujii, K.; Waseda, Atsushi; Tanaka, Mitsuru; Deslattes, R; Peiser, H. S.; Kenny, Michael

doi:10.1109/19.918199

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…For this sample, the mole fraction of 30 Si = 0.031 023 and A r (Si) = 28.085 78. In recent history, A r (Si) determinations have been directly related to attempts to quantify as accurately as possible the relationship between atomic scale and macroscopic physical quantities as represented by determinations of Avogadro's constant [70,71,105,106,250,251]. In the course of this work, it was clearly demonstrated that careful crystallization of Si is accompanied by isotope fractionation.…”

Section: Si Siliconmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This development has permitted a new set of measurements, which have been carried out by scientists from the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), in Braunschweig, Germany, IRMM, and NIST. Improvements in the mass spectrometry of Si have yielded a more accurate value for its atomic weight, and the notion of the molar volume of Si as being a "natural constant" is now well confirmed [71,107]. Based on a worldwide collaboration of IRMM in Geel, the PTB, National Research Laboratory for Metrology (NRLM) in Tsukuba, the Istituto di Metrologie "Gustavo Colonnetti" (IMGC) in Torino, NIST, and the National Measurement Laboratory (NML) in Sydney, a value of 6.022 137 7(12) × 10 23 mol -1 may now be held to be more reliable than the value resulting from electromagnetic measurements because it is based exclusively on independent measurements with no assumptions made for any other fundamental constant(s).…”

Section: Atomic Weights For Fundamental Constantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A comprehensive mass-spectrometric study to identify and control sources of measurement bias using this material is then undertaken. By these methods, high-precision measurements of the isotopic composition of Si have been made at IRMM as part of an international effort to redetermine the Avogadro constant and the molar volume of Si in crystals of high perfection and purity [70,71]. At the present time, the best-calibrated measurements for eight elements listed in Rosman and Taylor [72] have been carried out in laboratories other than NBS/NIST and CBNM/IRMM.…”

Section: Atomic-weight Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Laeter¹,

Böhlke²,

Bièvre³

et al. 2003

Pure and Applied Chemistry

931

554

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgmentAbstract: A consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights has long been an essential aim of the scientific community because of the relevance of these values to science and technology, as well as to trade and commerce subject to ethical, legal, and international standards. The standard atomic weights of the elements are regularly evaluated, recommended, and published in updated tables by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances (CAWIA) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These values are invariably associated with carefully evaluated uncertainties. Atomic weights were originally determined by mass ratio measurements coupled with an understanding of chemical stoichiometry, but are now based almost exclusively on knowledge of the isotopic composition (derived from isotope-abundance ratio measurements) and the atomic masses of the isotopes of the elements. Atomic weights and atomic masses are now scaled to a numerical value of exactly 12 for the mass of the carbon isotope of mass number 12. Technological advances in mass spectrometry and nuclear-reaction energies have enabled atomic masses to be determined with a relative uncertainty of better than 1 × 10 -7 . Isotope abundances for an increasing number of elements can be measured to better than 1 × 10 -3 . The excellent precision of such measurements led to the discovery that many elements, in different specimens, display significant variations in their isotope-abundance ratios, caused by a variety of natural and industrial physicochemical processes. While such variations increasingly place a constraint on the uncertainties with which some standard atomic weights can be stated, they provide numerous opportunities for investigating a range of important phenomena in physical, chemical, cosmological, biological, and industrial processes. This review reflects the current and increasing interest of science in the measured differences between source-specific and even sample-specific atomic weights. These relative comparisons can often be made with a smaller uncertainty than is achieved in the best calibrated "absolute" (= SI-traceable) atomic-weight determinations. Accurate determinations of the atomic weights of certain elements also influence the values of fundamental constants such as the Avogadro, Faraday, and universal gas constants. This review is in two parts: the first summarizes the development of the science of atomic-weight determinations during the 20 th century; the second summarizes the changes and variations that have been recognized in the values and uncertainties of atomic weights, on an element-by-element basis, in the latter part of the 20 th century.J. R. de LAETER et al.

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Section: Si Siliconmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Atomic Weights For Fundamental Constantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Atomic-weight Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)

Laeter¹,

Böhlke²,

Bièvre³

et al. 2003

Pure and Applied Chemistry

931

554

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Published are latest direct measurements of N A made with international Cooperation, giving a value of 6.022,137,7(12)× 10 23 mol -1 with a relative uncertainty of 2×10 -7 [35]. This value can now be regarded as slightly more reliable than the earlier, but latest (1998) CODATA least-squares' adjusted value [34] for N A , which is 6.022,141,99(47)×10 23 mol -1 .…”

Section: Fundamental Constantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A century of progress in the sciences due to atomic weight and isotopic composition measurements

Laeter

Peiser

2003

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Even before the 20th century, a consistent set of internationally accepted atomic weights was an important objective of the scientific community because of the fundamental importance of these values to science, technology and trade. As the 20th century progressed, physicists, geoscientists, and metrologists collaborated with chemists to revolutionize the science of atomic weights. At the beginning of the century, atomic weights were determined from mass relationships between chemical reactants and products of known stoichiometry. They are now derived from the measured isotopic composition of elements and the atomic masses of the isotopes. Accuracy in measuring atomic weights has improved continually, leading to the revelation of small but significant variations in the isotope abundances of many elements in their normal terrestrial occurrences caused by radioactivity and a variety of physicochemical and biochemical fractionation mechanisms. This atomic-weight variability has now been recognized as providing new scientific insights into and knowledge of the history of materials. Atomic weights, except those of the monoisotopic elements, are thus no longer regarded as "constants of nature". At the beginning of the 20th century, two scales for atomic weights were in common use: that based on the atomic weight of hydrogen being 1 and that based on the atomic weight of oxygen being 16. Atomic weights are now scaled to (12)C, which has the value 12 exactly. Accurate atomic weights of silicon, silver, and argon, have enabled the values of the Avogadro, Faraday and Universal Gas constants, respectively, to be established, with consequent effects on other fundamental constants.

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“…They are listed in Table 1. Apart from the obviously fundamental values of the electron and proton mass, the 3 He mass is of importance for neutrino mass determination [14], the mass of 28 Si is required for an attempted new definition of the kilogram based on silicon crystals [15], the 133 Cs mass has to be known accurately for a determination of a from photon recoil experiments [16], and finally the mass comparison of the proton and antiproton can be regarded as test of CPT symmetry in hadronic systems [17].…”

Section: Mass Determinationsmentioning

confidence: 99%