We developed a tandem, unassisted, solar-driven electrochemical
and photothermocatalytic process for the single-pass conversion of
CO2 to butene using only simulated solar irradiation as
the energetic input. The two-step process involves electrochemical
CO2 reduction (CO2R) to ethylene followed by
ethylene dimerization to butene. We assessed two unassisted electrochemical
setups to concentrate ethylene in the CO2R reactor, achieving
concentrations up to 5.4 vol% with 1.8% average solar-to-ethylene
conversion and 5.6% average CO2-to-ethylene single-pass
conversion under 1-sun illumination. When the effluent electrochemical
gas stream was passed through the photothermocatalytic ethylene oligomerization
reactor, we generated 600 ppm of butene under 3-sun illumination.
Through analysis of this process, we identified that the presence
of H2, CO, and H2O leads to rapid deactivation
of the Ni-based ethylene oligomerization catalyst.