A Reduced Graphene Oxide/Disodium Terephthalate Hybrid as a High‐Performance Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

As a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage systems, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are experiencing a rapid development. Organic conjugated carboxylic acid anodes not only have tailorable electrochemical properties but also are easily accessible. However, the low stability and electrical conductivity hamper their practical applications. In this study, disodium terephthalate (Na TP), the most favorable organic conjugated carboxylic acid anode material for SIBs, was proposed to integrate with graphene oxide (GO) by an anti-solvent precipitation process, which ensures the uniform and tight coating of GO on the Na TP surface. GO is electrochemically reduced during the first several cycles of the electrochemical measurement, which buffers the volume change and improves the electrical conductivity of Na TP, resulting in a better cyclic and rate performance. The incorporation of only 5 wt % GO onto Na TP leads to a reversible capability of 235 mA h g after 100 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 C, which is the best among the state of the art organic anodes for SIBs. The one-step synthesis together with the low costs of the raw materials show a promise for the scalable preparation of anode materials for practical SIBs.

Sustainable Battery Materials from Biomass

“…Figure exemplarily illustrates the performance of lithium terephthalate‐based anodes. Within the last ten years, many researchers followed up on Armand's initial research and described the use of terephthalate‐based anodes in lithium‐ion, sodium‐ion, or potassium‐ion batteries.…”

“…For increasing conductivity, carbon materials such as graphite are commonly added, which may contribute to additional capacity upon ion insertion into the carbon material . To establish better conductivity and high surface area at the same time, carbon nanotubes or freeze‐dried/sintered or electrochemically reduced graphene oxide may also be added . As expected, especially at high discharging rates, small particle sizes lead to increased capacity compared to larger particle sizes.…”

A Functionalized Carbon Surface for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage

“…However, some functional groups are not electrochemically stable at the voltage range of 0–1.5 V versus Na/Na + and as a result the capacity originating from charge storage on these functional groups will gradually decline. For example, GO will be reduced when it is used as the anode for an SIB, and only some of oxygen functional groups are retained . Besides, the sodium storage on some functional groups might not be highly reversible.…”

Band‐Gap Tuned Dilithium Terephthalate from Environmentally Hazardous Material for Sustainable Lithium Storage Systems with DFT Modelling

“…Recently, a few terephthalate based complexes such as CaC 8 H 4 O 4 , CoTP.2H 2 O, NiTP, FeTP were reported as negative electrodes [14,30] . Besides, pristine carboxylate salts Na 2 TP and Li 2 TP (Li 2 C 8 H 4 O 4 ) are modified with different substitutions (OCH 3 , Br, NH 2 , NO 2 ) into the chemical structure and considered as organic anodes for LIBs [31–35] . Among the reported organic electrodes, especially the carboxylate salt which is dilithium terephthalate (Li 2 TP) is one of the targeted anode materials since it can deliver a theoretical specific capacity of 301 mAh g −1 following reversibility of 2 electrons transport.…”