New partnerships are needed to move away from paywalls and avoid article publishing charge-based publishing.• It remains difficult for small societies to negotiate with consortia, and partnerships with other societies may be a route forward.• Being open to different open access routes and using different pilots are key to learning which routes will be sustainable in the future.• While the starting position for most 'read and publish' offerings is based on historical spend, this will need to be re-evaluated in the longer term.• The lack of independent, universal reporting mechanisms and universally adopted persistent identifiers for institutions is a barrier to establishing agreements and one that needs a cost-effective solution.