A regulatory perspective on the radiological impact of NORM industries: the case of the Spanish phosphate industry

Analysis of Radium Isotopes in Surface Waters nearby a Phosphate Mining with NORM at Santa Quitéria, Brazil

“…In Spain, the radiological impact of phosphate mining with NORM decreased significantly with the regulation of the practice and with the separation of the regulation on radiological aspects and chemical aspects that coexist in this kind of practice [11]. The authors also point the extensive regulation of the European Union countries in both aspects of the impact of mining [11].…”

Characterization of Waste from the Dicalcium Phosphate Industry as a Potential Secondary Source of Rare Earth Elements

“…The former industrial site of "El Hondón" is situated west of Cartagena in Spain (Murcia province) and produced DCP for almost 50 years (from the 1950 [5]. The production rate of fluorite sludge was several tenths of thousands of tons accumulating around 1 Mt in total, which was disposed in ponds and stockpiles fill, covering a total area of around 108 ha.…”

“…The former industrial site of "El Hondón" is situated west of Cartagena in southern Spain (Murcia province) and produced DCP for almost 50 years (from the 1950s to 2001) [5].…”

A case study of a phosphorus chemical firm's application of resource efficiency and eco-efficiency in industrial metabolism under circular economy

“…More than 95.3% of PG, a contaminant and environmentally-harmful chemical (Tayibi et al, 2009;P erez-L opez et al, 2010), still piled up in the gypsum factory. This long-term piling up of PG not only wastes resources and takes up land, but also seriously pollutes the surrounding water and soil structure with the trace elements and radioactive elements contained in PG (Rutherford et al, 1994;García-Talavera et al, 2011;Gezer et al, 2012). Given the large amount of PG stack, the firm should fully exert its advantages to change pollutants into resources and take initiative to expand the approaches of the comprehensive utilization of PG in order to maximize both economic and environmental benefits.…”