This chapter is dedicated to understanding the conceptual differences between healthy and unhealthy built environments (Sect. 2.1) as well as comfortable and uncomfortable conditions (Sect. 2.2) by using standardized professional terminology. In Sect. 2.3, the role of wellbeing in the sustainable building concepts is discussed and further addressed in the context of eco-friendly, green, and low-carbon buildings. The largest part of this chapter is devoted to various health effects related to exposure to health risk factors in the built environment (Sect. 2.4). In Sect. 2.5, health outcomes shown by reviewed epidemiological studies in Europe and worldwide are detailed. The chapter concludes with a determination of priority environments in public and residential buildings as well as vulnerable population groups (Sect. 2.6). 2.1 Healthy Versus Unhealthy Buildings Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1946). The term health was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1946 and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948 (WHO 1946). The definition of health has evolved. In 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, WHO proposed a definition that aimed higher: linking health to well-being, in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" (WHO 2005). Moreover, in 1986, WHO (1986) adopted a broad definition of health: "Health is a state of well-being and the capability to function in the face of changing circumstances." Currently, multiple definitions of health exist, from medical, sociological, psychological to physical definitions.