“…Learners may select online classes for personal reasons, without recognizing that they may have issues with their entry-level skills pertaining to the subject or technology being used in online classes. This could place novice-level learners, who are used to the structured forms of face-to-face courses, in the fluid, ill-structured domains of online environments, leading to demotivation and attrition (Bradford, 2011;Driscoll, 2005;Kirschner et al, 2006;McQuaid, 2009;Paas et al, 2004;Schaarsmith, 2012;Shay & Rees, 2004;Spiro et al, 1988).…”