A reprodução das desigualdades socioeconômicas na vizinhança: examinando a dimensão espacial da pobreza

Abstract

The article carries out an initial reflection on the approaches to urban poverty and its repercussions on socio-spatial organization in America, European, and Latin American sociology. Numerous parallel proposals stemming from this hypothesis contribute to the construction of the three theoretical narratives, which agree on the following points: the growing socio-spatial polarization linked to the increase of socioeconomic inequalities; the restructuring of the productive system; the retraction or reconfiguration of the social welfare state, accompanied by harsher eligibility criteria that condition access to income transfer programs; and the stigmatization of certain minority or ethnic-racial groups in the job and housing markets. Secondly, the discussion focuses on the question of how the residential segregation process becomes a mechanism that reinforces poverty due to its impact on individuals’ wellbeing and socioeconomic performance, on the basis of the territory-effect hypothesis. The juxtaposition of disadvantages in the territory, understood as an intermediate dimension between agency and structure, should take into account the spatial stratification of socioeconomic inequalities for the design of urban policies, among which three orientations stand out. People-based policies provide temporary assistance to certain marginal groups living in poor neighborhoods, through desegregation and residential mobility programs, strict monitoring of antidiscrimination laws in the real estate market, and housing loans that benefit low-income persons. Place-based policies define the neighborhood as intervention unit by investing in infrastructure and street furniture and in the creation of jobs in response to the local population’s demands, in order to broaden opportunity structures and further attract middle class groups. Additionally, by requiring the construction of housing that is accessible to the low-income population in suburban areas, they promote social and ethnic-racial heterogeneity in the neighborhood’s population composition. The indirect approach calls for stronger regulatory State intervention in the job and housing markets, adapted to the transformations of the socio-productive regime of Post-Fordism.

Nociones generales de la Economía Social Solidaria en México

“…Esta región fue de las regiones más afectadas debido a los grandes problemas estructurales que ya presentaba. El desafío que deja es, disminuir la pobreza y la segregación residencial de los más vulnerables, y se deben tomar en cuenta la localización espacial de las desigualdades, porque la segregación limita la disminución de la pobreza al ser un mecanismo que la replíca, generando barreras muy marcadas que dificultan que las personas asciendan socialmente por el impacto que causa en el bienestar y el desempeño socioeconómico del individuo (Treuke, 2018).…”

“…En Latinoamérica, se han analizado las consecuencias de la segregación residencial de los pobres que crean desventajas que se van acumulando, como dificultad para ingresar al mercado laboral, acceso a la educación o contar con equipamiento urbano de calidad. En las ciudades latinoamericanas, lo que hace evidente la segregación, es la pobreza en la periferia (Treuke, 2018).…”

“…Además, se encontró que la PCP y la PCPE se encuentran segregadas y se localizan detrás del Parque Nacional "el Valedero" que funge como frontera al ser una barrera natural que se convierte en un borde que divide en dos la ciudad, esta parte de la ciudad ya es considerada zona periférica porque ya son reconocidas como urbanizaciones apartes como Ciudad Renacimiento. Mientras tanto, la población con mayor nivel educativo vive cerca del atractivo natural que son las zonas costeras junto al mar Treuke (2018). menciona que, a mayor desigualdad socioeconómica, mayor polarización.…”

Structures of Opportunity and Constraints on Socioeconomic Integration in Three Segregated Favelas of Salvador, Brazil

“…Embedded in a broader discussion about the underlying roots of socio-spatial polarization and the widening of socioeconomic inequities, the indirect approach to poverty promotes labor and housing market de-commodification strategies in compliance with the transformations produced in the socio-productive paradigm of post-Fordism (Treuke 2018). However, this approach frequently remains confined to the discussion podium since interventions into the labor market and national economy have to challenge the gap between competition-driven liberalization and state protectionism, ironically in an era of globalization.…”