A response surface methodology for optimization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from synthetic and drainage water: a comparative study

Abstract

The potential of a granular activated carbon (GAC), a rice husk biochar (BRH) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for removing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from simulated wastewater and drainage water has been evaluated. In this regard, a response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD) (CCD-RSM design) was used to optimize the removal of 2,4-D from simulated wastewater under different operational parameters. The maximum adsorption capacities followed the order GAC > BRH > MWCNTs, whereas the equilibrium time increased in the order MWCNTs < GAC < BRH. In the case of GAC and BRH, the 2,4-D removal percentage increased significantly upon increasing the adsorbent dosage and temperature and decreased upon increasing the initial 2,4-D concentration and pH. The results showed that the contact time and temperature were not important as regards the adsorption efficiency of 2,4-D by MWCNTs, whereas rapid removal of 2,4-D from simulated wastewater was achieved within the first 5 min of contact with the MWCNTs. The results confirmed that the Freundlich isotherm model with the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the lowest standard error of the estimate (SEE) satisfactorily fitted the 2,4-D experimental data. In addition, successful usage of the three adsorbents investigated was observed for removal of 2,4-D from drainage water from an agricultural drainage system. An economic analysis with a rate of return (ROR) method indicated that BRH could be used as an eco-friendly, low-cost, versatile and high adsorption capacity alternative to GAC and MWCNTs for the removal of 2,4-D.

Clustering the Adsorbents of Horizontal Series Filtration in Greywater Treatment

“…An economic analysis of the horizontal series filtration was performed using the rate of return (ROR) method as described in the previous researches [39][40][41]. Briefly, with regard to the comparison between the ROR and the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR), a project can be rejected or accepted.…”

Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanoides L.): A Hyper-Accumulator Crop for Bioremediation of Unconventional Water

“…Various physical and chemical approaches are applied to the process of unconventional water treatment [26,27]; however, most of them are associated with both disadvantages and limitations, such as the production of toxic sludge [28], high costs [29], and incomplete target removal [30]. Therefore, researchers have turned their interest toward the biological technique due to its low cost, nature-mimicking, and practical [31] bioremediation.…”

Acid‐Thermally Modified Merremia vitifolia for the Removal of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

“…0.101 cm 3 g -1 . The increase in average pore diameter in the case of ATMVB can result in an improved mass transfer of 2,4-D into the biosorbent's pore volume [25].…”