A Response Surface Methodology to Optimize the Vield of Alkyd Resin from Jatropha (Jatropha Curcas) and Sesame (Sesamum İndicum) Seed Oils Using CaCO3 as Catalyst

Abstract

The low-cost feedstocks such as sesame (sesamum indicum) and jatropha (jatropha curcas) seed oils were utilized to optimize the yield of alkyd resins. The experimentally selected input factors ranges in the molar ratios of oil:glycerol (0.3 – 1), phythalic anhydride: glycerol (1 – 3), and catalyst (0.5–1.5 wt. %) for optimization were established using the response surface methodology (RSM) of Box Behken model to improve the alkyd resin yield factors. The optimization solution utilizing CaCO3 catalysts, and a combination of other process factors evaluated, as well as the corresponding desirability functions, was found using analysis of variance (ANOVA) results for refined sesame alkyd resin (RSAR) and refined jatropha alkyd resin (RJAR). The RSAR optimization using a CaCO3 concentration of 1.5 wt. % at a molar ratios of oil:glycerol (1.0:1.0) and phythalic anhydride:glycerol (3.0:1.0), while the RJAR at a similar catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt. %, molar ratio of oil:glycerol (1.0:1.0), and phythalic anhydride:glycrol (2.8:1.0) were observed for the alkyd resin optimization for the two processes. At these reaction conditions, the predicted and experimental biodiesel yield were 48.26 % and 47.29 % for RSAR and 62.07 % and 61.61 % for RJAR, respectively which shows less than 0.5% variations in both cases.

Current State of Alkyd Resin Synthesis and Characterization, Extracted from Vegetable Oils

“…The various extraction techniques employed in this study as seen in Table 1 encompassed; Soxhlet extraction [27,[29][30][31]33,39,42,44,46,49,51,55,60,62,65,66,69,[72][73][74]77,79], hot water floatation [4], [82],Mechanical press [47,50], distillation [58] whilst, [22,26,28,32,34,35,43,64,76,83] had their vegetable oils purchased.…”

“…The vegetable oils investigated in this study are linseed oil [22][23][24][25][26], castor seed oil [27][28][29][30], soybean seed oil [27,[30][31][32][33][34], sunflower seed oil [35,36], tung seed oil [37], rubber seed oil [38][39][40], Jatropha curcas linneaus seed oil [41]- [47], tomato seed oil [48], wild olive seed oil [17], Albiza lebbeck seed oil [49], benniseed oil [50], breadfruit seed oil [51], palm kernel seed oil [52][53][54][55][56], Hura crepitans seed oil [55,57], Luffa cylindrica seed oil [58], African walnut seed oil ) [59], camelina sativa seed oil [25], locust-bean seed oil [38], Parinari-polyandra benth seed oil [60], Lagenaria Breviflorus seed oil [61], yellow oleander seed oil [62], Cotton seed oil [55,63,64], Delonix Regia and Theventia Peruviana Seed Oils …”

“…of Researchers purchased their vegetable oils, 5.3% of Researchers employed the mechanical expression method, 2.6% of Researchers employed the hot water floatation and distillation methods respectively. The Soxhlet extraction method was widely employed for the extractions of Luffa aegyptica seed oil [67], Albizia benth seed oil [49], Castor seed oil [27,29,30], Jatropha curcas Linneaus seed oil [42,46,65], Sesame seed oil [65,82], sweet almond [44], Acacia auriculiformis seed oil [72], Soybean seed oil [27,30,31,33,72], Picralima nitida seed oil [73], Delonix Regia seed Oils [66], Citrullus colocynthis Seed Oil [69], Cotton seed oil [55], Hura Crepitans seed oil [55], Palm kernel seed oil [55], Mango seed oil [79], Rubber seed oil [39], Tomato seed oil [48], Karanja (Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi) seed oil [62], Parinaripolyandra benth seed oil [60], Breadfruit Seed Oil [51], Neem (Azadirachta indica) [80], Okra seed oil [77] and Gmelina Seed Oil [74] respectively. Hot water floatation method was adopted by [4,82] for sesame seed oil, Mechanical press method was adopted by [47,50] for Beniseed oil, Jatropha curcas Linneaus seed oil and Rapeseed oil respectively, on the other hand, distillation method of extraction was employed by [61] [47,50].…”

“…These reactions can be controlled and manipulated using different reaction parameters, such as reactant ratios, reaction time, temperature, and catalysts, to obtain alkyd resins with tailored properties [4,5]. These resins were used in the various fields of application like paint, coating, adhesives, and composite binder [1,6,7].…”

“…Various alkyd resins based on newly extracted oil having a high level of unsaturated acid had been constructed as a renewable raw material. Short (I), medium (II), and long (III) alkyd resins were made with oil, glycerol, and phthalic anhydride (PA) in varying proportions [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12].…”