A restrospective study of acute systemic poisoning of paraphenylenediamine (occidental takawt) in Morocco

Abstract

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is commonly used in several industries (dyeing furs, photochemical processes, tyre vulcanisation industries, oxidisable hair dye, etc.). Its allergic effect is well established and many studies are devoted to the subject, but PPD systemic poisoning is not understood. Several acute PPD poisoning cases (accidental or intentional) had been reported, in particular, from Africa and Asia where it is traditionally used mixed with Henna to colour palms of hands and soles of feet and to dye hair. We examine here an eleven-year (1992-2002) retrospective of PPD poisoning reported to the Poison Control Centre of Morocco. It revealed 374 cases with a female predominance (77%). The majority of poisoning was intentional (78.1%) and the group most prone to PPD poisoning were the young population (15.1-25 and 25.1-35 years-old-age groups) accounting for 54.3% and 15.2%, respectively. 21.1% of poisoning cases were fatal, and the source/route of poisoning was by ingestion in the largest number of cases (93%). 50% of poisoning were from the south of Morocco, where phytotherapy knowledge is very developed. The largest number of cases was recorded in 2001 (20.1%). The prevention and treatment of PPD poisoning by public enlightenment is mandatory in the effort to reduce poisoning by this agent.

Study of hair dye poisoning and its outcome in tertiary care rural institute

“…The married persons are more vulnerable to poisoning due to social and family boundations or failure to meet with the desired goals of their lives. These findings are similar to the study conducted by Ayoub Filali et al and M Hamdouk et al 3,4 The intent of poisoning was suicidal in 100% case, however psychological evaluation was found to be normal in all these patients. This indicate that most of suicidal attempts were impulsive precipitated by either scolding from parents, family quarrels and socioeconomic failure.…”

“…In our study, the overall incidence of renal failure was 58.46% while Abdelrheem MB et al showed renal failure in 71%. 10,11 The moratlity rate in our study was 21.53% which is comparable to Ayoub Filali et al and Osman et al 3,12 CONCLUSION PPD containing hair dye is a great hazard and its use has been banned in countries like Germany, France and Sweden. However in India it is still commonly used in many parts and needs to be banned.…”

Intoxicación por parafenilendiamina: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura

“…Hay que tener en cuenta que la severidad de los síntomas es dosis dependiente 6 con documentación de dosis tóxica desde los 3g, hasta una dosis letal de 7 a 10g por compromiso miocárdico principalmente 3 .…”

A prospective study on clinical profile and incidence of acute kidney injury due to hair dye poisoning

“…The studies of Filali A et al, Suliman SM et al, Yadavendraet al, Jain et al, also showed a female preponderance with 77%, 80%, 65% and 74.86% respectively. [17][18][19][20] The mean amount of dye consumed was found to be 52.31±29.56 ml in our study (range 10-100 ml). Upon ingestion 95% patients had developed burning pain in mouth, throat and abdomen.…”